Looking for Aristotle

Although Aristotle was often portrayed during the early modern period, his imagined appearance varied widely. When modern interpreters try to impose definitive meanings on pictures, they run the risk of overlooking symbolic resonances which can be just as significant as direct representation.     

寻觅德国的牛津

达勒姆(Dahlem)不仅仅是一个传奇.在德国,几乎没有其他地方像柏林的这片土地那样,在科学史各个丰富的方面--包括令人质疑的方面--表现出如此强烈的活力.在马普学会历史档案馆馆长亨宁(Eckart Henning)的陪同下巡游他的“领地“,就如同在历史的时光中漫步,著名学者的创新精神始终伴随着我们的游程.……     

Looking for a general for some modern major models

Computer climate models are some of the most complex scientific structures ever conceived. Consisting of hundreds of thousands of equations and running on supercomputers capable of trillions of operations per second, they chart the evolution of past and future climates across thousands of years. These simulations are breathtaking in their qualitative detail and vastly ambitious in their quantitative exactitude. However, their progress has recently been challenged by the very size and complexity of the models, factors that are also paralleled in the communities of scientists that build them. This complex co-evolution of computers and scientific communities gives us insight into the promise and limits of sciences driven by exponential increases in computing power.     

Looking to the Internet for models of governance

If code is law then standards bodies are governments. This flawed but powerful metaphor suggests the need to examine more closely those standards bodies that are defining standards for the Internet. In this paper we examine the International Telecommunications Union, the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association, the Internet Engineering Task Force, and the World Wide Web Consortium. We compare the organizations on the basis of participation, transparency, authority, openness, security and interoperability. We conclude that the IETF and the W3C are becoming increasingly similar. We also conclude that the classical distinction between standards and implementations is decreasingly useful as standards are embodies in code – itself a form of speech or documentation. Recent Internet standards bodies have flourished in part by discarding or modifying the implementation/standards distinction. We illustrate that no single model is superior on all dimensions. The IETF is not effectively scaling, struggling with its explosive growth with the creation of thousands of working groups. The IETF coordinating body, the Internet Society, addressed growth by reorganization that removed democratic oversight. The W3C, initially the most closed, is becoming responsive to criticism and now includes open code participants. The IEEE SA and ITU have institutional controls appropriate for hardware but too constraining for code. Each organization has much to learn from the others.     

研究生群体的求职问题研究

研究生群体是包括硕士研究生与博士研究生在内的群体,随着国家的扩招政策由本科及以下向研究生的延伸,该群体在找工作时开始面临巨大压力。研究生群体求职问题在微观层次上的原因从根本说是由“职位供需的内卷化”造成的。而内卷化造成的求职困境问题需要社会资本这样的替代性资源来缓解。本文通过上海和沈阳两地高校的个案访谈在微观层次上较为深入地探讨了研究生群体在求职过程中对各种资源尤其是社会资本的运用以及实际的求职效果。     

Trade secrets laws and technology spillovers

This article examines whether and to what extent the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA) affects technology spillovers between focal firms (i.e., receivers of spillovers) and peers (i.e., senders of spillovers). I find that technology spillovers from peers located in states adopting the UTSA are 27 % to 51 % lower than technology spillovers from peers located in states not adopting the UTSA. Focal firms whose peers come from the UTSA states have fewer migrant inventors than firms whose peers come from non-UTSA states.     

Discovering power laws in computer programs

The power-law regularities have been discovered behind many complex natural and social phenomenons. We discover that the power-law regularities, especially the Zipf’s and Heaps’ laws, also exist in large-scale software systems. We find that the distribution of lexical tokens in modern Java, C++ and C programs follows Zipf–Mandelbrot law, and the growth of program vocabulary follows Heaps’ law. The results are obtained through empirical analysis of real-world software systems. We believe our discovery reveals the statistical regularities behind computer programming.     

科研人员的情商探究

在知识经济时代，科研人员无疑是知识和财富的主要创造者，他们的创造能力直接体现在他们的创造水平上。因此，对个体智力重要组成部分的情绪智力的研究，是当前一个亟待解决的理论和实际问题。本文对此进行了初步而系统的探讨。     

网络信息资源组织工具—搜索引擎发展之回眸与展望

本文回顾了目前网络信息资源组织的主流－搜索引擎发展进程，并提出解决网络信息组织中采集和词汇控制方面的方法。