Gender,sexuality and schooling: Everyday life in junior secondary schools in Botswana and Ghana

In this paper, the focus is upon daily school practices in Junior Secondary Schools in Ghana and Botswana. The data from 12 ethnographic case studies have been used to explore how the institution of schooling is gendered. The analysis focuses predominantly on the informal practices of the hidden curriculum through a theoretical perspective that highlights these institutional processes as significant to the production of gender/sexual identities. Remarkable similarities in the pervasive and inequitable gender/sexual practices within schools across country contexts are discussed in three key areas: school management and duties, gender space and gender violence. These discussions of everyday school life illustrate the ways in which both normative institutional practices and human agency produce and regulate gender/sexual identities. This micro-level analysis provides important substantive and methodological insights into what goes on inside schools and into the contexts and experiences of schooling that are significant to policy discourses of gender, education and development.     

教育过程公平的性别维度

教育过程性别公平是指从性别的维度审视教育内部的公平问题,使每一个学生不因具有某一生理性别而使其发展受到影响。教育过程的性别公平不只是关注女生的发展,而是同时关注男生与女生的发展。意志自由与选择自由是教育过程性别公平的首要原则;教育过程性别公平的最终目标是同时致力于女生与男生的最优发展,而不是致力于教育结果的性别均衡;价值多元是实现教育过程性别公平的关键;教育过程性别公平的真正实现必须同时促进四种性别认知的转变。     

两性工作平等权及其救济途径

男女平等是我国的一项基本国策.两性工作平等权从其内容看,既包括平等的就业权,又包括平等的劳动待遇权利;从其表现形式看,既包括形式平等,又包括实质平等.雇佣者对两性工作平等权的侵犯,从内容看,常表现为差别对待、排斥对待、或优惠对待;从侵犯方式看,又可分为直接歧视和间接歧视.我们应该在加强雇佣者责任的同时,不断强化行政监察的职能和完善司法救济的程序,促进两性工作平等权的实现.     

Secular and Koranic literacies in South Asia: From colonisation to contemporary practice

This paper explores the distinction between ‘secular’ and ‘Koranic’ schooling and literacy in South Asia. It begins by tracing an archaeology of the distinction between secular ‘literacy’ and religious ‘illiteracy’. It locates the emergence of the distinction in the colonial census of the 19th century, in the development of ‘English’ education, and the responses within madrasa schools. The second part locates these debates and their on-going importance within a contemporary ethnographic setting. It examines the relevance of the distinction in relation to women's literacy practices. The paper argues that both secular and religious literacy practices are significant for women's status and well-being, and illustrates the centrality of religious reading and learning in Bangladesh. The paper challenges the conventional distinction between religious and secular schooling and literacy, noting their complementary and overlapping nature.     

Inequality,capabilities and poverty in four African countries: girls’ voice,schooling, and strategies for institutional change

Children’s adaptive preference and capabilities are considered in relation to literature on children’s voice, agency and adult adaptation. Data collected for projects on gender and schooling in South Africa, Kenya, Tanzania and Nigeria are analysed to show how adaptation and distinctions between absolute and relative poverty are helpful in interpreting why children in some locations identify particular obstacles and solutions while others are silent on these. Children comment on constraints on capabilities differently in areas of relative and absolute inequality. School conditions, earnings, and the implementation of legal frameworks on early marriage and pregnancy highlight forms of structural and relational coercion that constrain capabilities. The findings suggest a relationship between relative inequality and children’s capability to aspire and consider change. This points to the significance of improving learning materials, opportunities for travel and exchange, and teacher confidence and support in schools that serve the poorest children.     

Social difference and the politics of schooling in Africa: a Ghanaian case study

This paper examines the implications of ‘social difference’ for schooling in African contexts. It highlights theoretical and philosophical engagements with ‘difference’ that could help explore and search for viable educational options in Africa. The paper engages voices of university students interviewed in a longitudinal ethnographic research study on schooling done in Ghana. Issues and questions about knowledge production, identity development and representation in pluralistic schooling contexts are raised. Insights about local knowledges, individual agency and resistance as they relate to possibilities for rethinking schooling and education in Africa are also explored. The students' narratives reveal how dialogues about school and educators' practices about difference and diversity are [not] addressed with respect to the students' schooling. Lessons on the possibilities of inclusive schooling environments are offered.     

当前助学贷款工作主要障碍分析及对策措施

助学贷款是我国目前教育资助的主要方式之一,本文分析了当前助学贷款工作的主要障碍及原因,提出了要大力开展生源地助学贷款,规避制度性贷款风险;加大宣传教育力度,强化学生信用意识;建立完善大学生个人信用档案;增进银校之间的理解与信任,努力确保助学贷款工作良性循环。     

中国债转股法律问题探析

当前我国的债转股法律制度,在制度设计和相关立法上存在一定缺陷．通过对债转股中债权出资、债转股法人治理结构设计、转股企业选择的定位以及金融资产管理公司退出机制的讨论,对完善我国债转股法律制度作出了积极的思考．     

公民的权利位阶初探

通过对昆明钢琴噪音案的思索,作者提出了公民权利的位阶是否存在问题,并从公民权利的基础出发,论述了权利位阶的评价标准：权利满足的是公民的何种需要和利益,以及该需要和利益对公民的生存和尊严的作用大小。文章提出解决公民权利冲突的三个原则;(1)权利均衡原则;(2)高位阶权利优先原则;(3)公平限制原则。     

美国“在家教育”立法述评

美国的“在家教育”已成为较为普遍的现象。各州通过“在家教育”立法对父母的教育权进行了法律上的肯定与保护,这种基于立法的保护与管理,对“在家教育”的学生和家长权利的维护有着重大的意义,也有利于这种教育活动的良性发展。事实证明,合法化的“在家教育”对于学生和教育的发展都有着积极的作用。     

Does more schooling improve health outcomes and health related behaviors? Evidence from U.K. twins

Several recent studies using instrumental variables based on changes in compulsory school-leaving age laws have estimated the causal effect of schooling on health outcomes and health-related behaviors in the U.K. Despite using the same identification strategy and similar datasets, no consensus has been reached. We contribute to the literature by providing results for the U.K. using a different research design and a different dataset. Specifically, we estimate the effect of schooling on health outcomes (obesity and physical health) and health-related behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption and exercise) for women through within-MZ twins estimates using the TwinsUK database. For physical health, alcohol consumption and exercise, the within-MZ twins estimates are uninformative about whether there is a causal effect. However, we find (1) that the significant association between schooling and smoking status is due to unobserved endowments that are correlated with schooling and smoking and (2) there is some indication that more schooling reduces the body mass index for women, even once these unobserved endowments have been controlled for.     

高职改两年制要解决好三个问题

高职学制改革是形势发展的需要,对高职院校提出了新要求。高职院校必须深化教学改革,并需要获得支持与帮助。     

Who accesses secondary schooling in Uganda; Was the universal secondary education policy ubiquitously effective?

This paper explores predictors of accessing secondary education for children in Uganda given the universal secondary education policy of 2007. This is done for; rural Uganda, Kampala and other urban areas given increasing urbanization of rural areas that assumes urban homogeneity in heterogeneous situations. We apply the logit model onto Uganda census data to predict access given individual, household and community variables. We discover that only 22% of children aged 13–18 were enrolled at secondary and that demand and supply related predictors are moderated by the socio-economic status of households to influence schooling outcomes all along the education ladder.     

Schooling effects on preschoolers’ self-regulation, early literacy, and language growth

The present study examined the influence of schooling during children's first and second years of preschool for children who experienced different amounts of preschool (i.e., one or two years), but who were essentially the same chronological age. Children (n = 76) were tested in the fall and spring of the school year using measures of self-regulation, decoding, letter knowledge, and vocabulary. Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), preschool was not associated with children's development of self-regulation in either year. For decoding and letter knowledge, children finishing their second year of preschool had higher scores, although both groups of children grew similarly during the school year. Thus, our results suggest that the first and second years of preschool are both systematically associated with decoding and letter knowledge gains, and the effects are cumulative (two years predicted greater gains overall than did one year of preschool). Finally, children's chronological age, and not whether they experienced one versus two years of preschool, predicted children's vocabulary and self-regulation outcomes. Implications for preschool curricula and instruction are discussed, including the increasing emphasis on literacy learning prior to kindergarten entry and the need to address self-regulation development along with academic learning.