哲学思维对理论语言学发展的重要性研究

近年来,语言哲学的话题越来越引起学术界的关注,然而,不管是语言学家还是哲学家,他们的研究往往是将语言作为方法或是切入点来研究哲学,哲学是最终的落脚点.语言学家在研究语言哲学的课题时容易偏离语言学的根本任务和目标,忽视了从哲学思想出发对语言学的本体进行研究.对此现象,笔者分析了原因,并从分析哲学对西方主要语言学思想理论的影响入手,以语言学发展的具体事实为例来论证哲学思维对理论语言学发展的重要意义.最后讨论了语言学家的语言哲学研究范畴.     

Epistemic modality: From uncertainty to certainty in the context of information seeking as interactions with texts

This article introduces a type of uncertainty that resides in textual information and requires epistemic interpretation on the information seeker’s part. Epistemic modality, as defined in linguistics and natural language processing, is a writer’s estimation of the validity of propositional content in texts. It is an evaluation of chances that a certain hypothetical state of affairs is true, e.g., definitely true or possibly true. This research shifts attention from the uncertainty–certainty dichotomy to a gradient epistemic continuum of absolute, high, moderate, low certainty, and uncertainty. An analysis of a New York Times dataset showed that epistemically modalized statements are pervasive in news discourse and they occur at a significantly higher rate in editorials than in news reports. Four independent annotators were able to recognize a gradation on the continuum but individual perceptions of the boundaries between levels were highly subjective. Stricter annotation instructions and longer coder training improved intercoder agreement results. This paper offers an interdisciplinary bridge between research in linguistics, natural language processing, and information seeking with potential benefits to design and implementation of information systems for situations where large amounts of textual information are screened manually on a regular basis, for instance, by professional intelligence or business analysts.     

Machines and the face of ethics

In this article I try to show in what sense Emmanuel Levinas’ ‘ethics as first philosophy’ moves our ethical thinking away from what has been called ‘centrist ethics’. Proceeding via depictions of the structure of Levinasian ethics and including references to examples as well as to some empirical research, I try to argue that human beings always already find themselves within an ethical universe, a space of meaning. Critically engaging with the writings of David Gunkel and Lucas Introna, I try to argue that these thinkers, rather than clarifying, distort our ethical understanding of how we stand in relation to artefacts. Drawing a distinction between how pervasive our ethical relationship to other human beings, and living animals, is and how the nature of artefacts is tied to us, I conclude by indicating that the aspiration to give artefacts an ethical face suggests a fantasy to avoid ethical responsibility and generates what I call a ‘compensatory logic’.     

从批评语篇分析的角度解读奥巴马访问亚洲

批评语篇分析（Critical Discourse Analysis）简称CDA,它作为一门工具语言学着重分析大众文本的语言特点进而对文本中所隐含的意识形态的意义以及语言和权力之间的关系做一个解读。本篇文章通过应用批评语言学的一些理论知识采用系统功能语言学中关于分类和情态方面的知识对《美国时代周刊》、《华盛顿邮报》这两篇杂志的奥巴马亚洲之行的报道进行分析说明权力与语言的关系,培养读者的批评意识。     

再论语言＼思维和实在三者的关系——基于科学实在论的立场

基于三元关系（即语言、思维和实在三者的关系）的分析框架,并从科学实在论的立场出发,对各主要的语言学流派的语义观和认识论基础进行了剖析和反思。得出如下结论：思维应分为三个层次：底层是意象思维、中层是自然语言思维、高层是逻辑和数学的思维。各语言学流派的语义观和认识论,都因忽视了心智或实在的因素;或因过度强调心智中的语言思维忽视意象思维,或过度夸大意象思维忽视语言思维,而无法为科学实在论辩护。     

结构主义语言学与生成语法的句法研究差异

结构主义语言学和生成语法是西方现代语言学的两大主流理论,二者都曾试图从语句层面入手来研究和分析语言,然而,在理论基础、使用的句法分析手段以及研究目的等方面又表现出极大的差异。本文着重于这先后出现的两大语言学流派在句法研究方面的差异,探讨二者之优劣,望对语言学初习者的理论掌握有所裨益。     

Embedded ethics: some technical and ethical challenges

This paper pertains to research works aiming at linking ethics and automated reasoning in autonomous machines. It focuses on a formal approach that is intended to be the basis of an artificial agent’s reasoning that could be considered by a human observer as an ethical reasoning. The approach includes some formal tools to describe a situation and models of ethical principles that are designed to automatically compute a judgement on possible decisions that can be made in a given situation and explain why a given decision is ethically acceptable or not. It is illustrated on three ethical frameworks—utilitarian ethics, deontological ethics and the Doctrine of Double effect whose formal models are tested on ethical dilemmas so as to examine how they respond to those dilemmas and to highlight the issues at stake when a formal approach to ethical concepts is considered. The whole approach is instantiated on the drone dilemma, a thought experiment we have designed; this allows the discrepancies that exist between the judgements of the various ethical frameworks to be shown. The final discussion allows us to highlight the different sources of subjectivity of the approach, despite the fact that concepts are expressed in a more rigorous way than in natural language: indeed, the formal approach enables subjectivity to be identified and located more precisely.     

现代语言学流派对外语教学的启示

语言学与外语教学存在着密切的联系。语言学发展史上出现的几个重要的语言学流派为外语教学法的产生和发展做了理论铺垫,对外语教学的很多方面,如教学大纲的制定、各类教材的编写、相关课程的设置、具体方法的选定和外语教师的培训等等,都产生了很大的影响。各语言学流派在不同的历史时期为外语教学的发展做出了自己的贡献。     

语言变异在英语广告中的应用

语言变异学是言语交际语言学的重要结构要素,该理论在其发展完善过程中被应用到语言学研究的各个领域。英语广告作为现代语言不可或缺的组成部分,也因其语言的独特性吸引了学者的关注。本文以英语广告实例为对象,探讨了英语广告中语言变异学的体现和应用。     

工程师道德理性的追问

深入分析工程师道德理性的内涵,比较分析中外工程师道德不同发展阶段下的"经济"与"道德"难题,剖析各自的特点,并在结合实际和案例的基础上,论证工程师道德理性的超越性、开放性。     

Floridi and Spinoza on global information ethics

Floridi’s ontocentric ethics is compared with Spinoza’s ethical and metaphysical system as found in the Ethics. Floridi’s is a naturalistic ethics where he argues that an action is right or wrong primarily because the action does decrease the ?entropy’ of the infosphere or not. An action that decreases the amount entropy of the infosphere is a good one, and one that increases it is a bad one. For Floridi, ?entropy’ refers to destruction or loss of diversity of the infosphere, or the total reality consisting of informational objects. The similarity with Spinoza is that both philosophers refer to basic reality as a foundation for normative judgments. Hence they are both ethical naturalists. An interpretation of both Floridi and Spinoza is offered that might begin to solve the basic problems for any naturalistic ethics. The problems are how a value theory that is based on metaphysics could maintain normative force and how normative force could be justified when there appear to be widely differing metaphysical systems according to the many cultural traditions. I argue that in Spinoza’s and presumably in Floridi’s system, there is no separation between the normative and the natural from the beginning. Normative terms derive their validity from their role in referring to action that leads to a richer and fuller reality. As for the second problem, Spinoza’s God is such that He cannot be fully described by mere finite intellect. What this translates to the contemporary situation of information ethics is that there are always bound to be many different ways of conceptualizing one and the same reality, and it is the people’s needs, goals and desires that often dictate how the conceptualizing is done. However, when different groups of people interact, these systems become calibrated with one another. This is possible because they already belong to the same reality.     

融合主题指纹的科学知识系统计量语言学研究

【目的/意义】从计量语言学视角描述和揭示融合主题指纹的科学知识系统的语言分布规律,并选取语料进行验证,深化情报检索语言的理论和应用研究,也为知识抽取研究提供理论基础和实验素材。【方法/过程】以生物医学领域的"疾病"、"精神病学和心理学"和"现象和过程"三个类别分支为入口,选取乳腺癌、焦虑抑郁、免疫作为案例,并量化分析其代表性。运用齐普夫定律(Zipf’s Law)和希普斯定律(Heaps’Law)解释验证由主题指纹映射的科学知识系统的计量语言学特征。【结果/结论】融合主题指纹的科学知识系统具有计量语言学特征,符合科学信息的离散分布规律和演化定律,具有较好的科学性和稳定性。     

Entrepreneurial and ethical adoption behaviour of cloud computing

In light of continuing use and media attention placed on cloud computing, the study of ethical behaviour in technology innovations remains an important area of research, which helps to understand the antecedents of a person's intention to adopt cloud computing based on their ethical orientation. The present study examines how ethics influences a person's decision to adopt cloud computing, and how in turn ethical behaviours affect technology innovations. Based on social cognitive theory, this paper proposes that a higher ethical and entrepreneurial orientation will lead to a person adopting cloud computing. Moreover, the marketing, learning and outcome expectancy a person has about cloud computing will positively affect their intention to adopt this technology. The predictions are tested through a survey, which indicates that ethics and marketing are important determinants of a person's behavioural intention towards technology innovations.     

技术伦理、利益伦理与责任伦理——工程伦理的三个基本维度

技术伦理、利益伦理和责任伦理是工程伦理研究的三个基本维度。其中,技术伦理即工程技术活动本身的伦理问题,集中关注工程质量与安全,主要涉及工程师与管理者、技术标准、伦理标准与管理标准之间的关系;利益伦理也是工程活动的基本伦理问题之一,其基本要求是有效协调工程活动中各方面的利益关系、实现效益与公平的统一;责任伦理则是工程伦理的灵魂和内核,主体及限度是工程责任伦理首先关注的问题。     

Linguistic meaning and language comprehension

Recent developments in cognitive science are assessed as a challenge to the well established view in philosophy of language and linguistics that meaning is inherent to language and is relatively fixed. It is concluded that the challenge is unsuccessful. Current activities in information retrieval which presuppose linguistic meaning are well founded, in that regard. Furthermore, one potential obstacle to the development of information systems which seek to produce comprehension of text has been removed.     

路易丝·厄德里克《鸽灾》的叙事判断研究

《鸽灾》是路易丝·厄德里克的近期力作,描述了在美国种族主义的压迫下,印第安民族所经受的悲惨遭遇。本文聚焦于小说中“处私刑”这一核心事件,援引费伦的叙事判断为理论框架,从阐释判断、道德判断、审美判断三个方面对小说加以研究分析,力图探求小说中体现的种族主义压迫下印第安民族的生存状态、异化的伦理观以及小说中体现的富含民族创伤的修辞美学。     

技术伦理视阈下高科技企业非伦理技术行为的表现及优化

高科技企业非伦理技术行为不仅局限于企业与冲突方之间的关系相背离,还影响着社会、自然等生态圈平衡。而技术伦理原则寻求的是平衡和谐,实现整个环境的融洽稳定。本文从技术伦理原则的十二个指标研究高科技企业的非伦理技术行为,具体分析核伦理、太空伦理、生态伦理、基因伦理等方面,最后从宏观与微观两个层面提出了发展型伦理意识。宏观层面从整体上关注企业与自然、企业与技术、企业与未来之间的关系;微观层面具体地考察企业与人之间的技术伦理关系。     

The role of metaethics and the future of computer ethics

In the following essay, I will discuss D.Johnson's argument in her ETHICOMP99 KeynoteSpeech (Johnson 1999) regarding the possiblefuture disappearance of computer ethics as anautonomous discipline, and I will analyze somelikely objections to Johnson's view.In the future, there are two ways in whichcomputer ethics might disappear: (1) therejection of computer ethics as an aspect ofapplied ethics, or (2) the rejection ofcomputer ethics as an autonomous discipline.The first path, it seems to me, would lead tothe death of the entire field of appliedethics, while the second path would lead onlyto the death of computer ethics as a separatesubject. Computer technology is becoming very pervasive,and each scientific field includes somediscipline-specific computing. For the likelyforeseeable future, disciplines such asbioethics and engineering ethics will have todeal with ethical issues involving the role ofcomputers. I will argue that computer ethics inthis sense is unlikely to disappear, even ifcomputer ethics ceases to be considered as aseparate discipline.In order to understand which path will befollowed by computer ethics, I will compareJohnson's argument with ideas of earlierthinkers like N. Wiener (1950) and B. Russell(1932). Although Russell did not specificallyconsider computer technology, he had somegood intuitions about the development ofsocieties by means of technology.My conclusion will be two-fold: (1) thatapplied ethics will not die, but it may make nosense in the future to talk about computerethics as a separate field; and (2) thatcomputer ethics will not simply become``ordinary ethics', contrary to Johnson's view.     

What's Wrong with the 'Golden Rule'? Conundrums of Conducting Ethical Research in Cyberspace

Three key values for ethical cyberspace research practices are evident in recent discussions: (1) protect the subjects from harm as a result of the research fieldwork and the research practices; (2) produce good social science research; and (3) do not unnecessarily perturb the phenomena studied. Much of the argumentation aims to negotiate the ethical conflicts that often emerge between these goals. Bakhtin argues that one can only strive for a bottom-up ethical wisdom built upon concrete examples, and disputes the possibility that rigid top-down application of universal rules constitutes ethical action. His perspective has key implications for ethical research practices. I illustrate this perspective at work through my recent fieldwork and writing practices in a virtual community. Research ethics for cyberspace are like research ethics for any other site. They should be situated, dialogic agreements that develop over time between researchers and the participants of the research study. It is unlikely that such research ethics can be abstractly codified, because there will often be differences between research sites, the situations of participants, and researcher goals. Researchers can, however, develop ethical wisdom that comes from experience with many configurations of research in cyberspace, and report on the conditions that grounded their ethical choices, and the results that emerged from their work in the site. These results will often be improved by feedback from participants about their experiences with the fieldwork and the effects of publication.     

The ethical attitudes of information technology professionals: a comparative study between the USA and the Middle East

This paper aims at investigating comparatively the ethical orientation of information technology (IT) professionals in the Middle East and the United States. It tests for attitudes toward and awareness of ethically-related issues, namely intellectual property, privacy and other general ethical IT aspects. In addition, through a comparison between the two regions, this paper intends to examine whether differences in IT professional demographics and characteristics, including gender and academic level, have any impact on attitudes to business ethics. A t test is used to establish significant differences between the targeted samples, while an ANOVA F-test is conducted to determine significant differences among the sample countries on a group basis. The results show a general awareness of ethical issues concerning information technology, and no significant differences are found between the two samples. However, different ethical attitudes are reported among respondents in terms of their reactions to the targeted IT ethical aspects. On an individual sample basis, the results about gender support the claim that male and female respondents are different, while mixed results are revealed for the influence of academic level on attitudes towards IT ethics. For intellectual property, the results are significant regarding ethical attitude differences between Middle-Eastern professionals and their counterparts in the US, while no significance differences are reported in terms of privacy.