蚯蚓对温室土壤中不同微生物类群数量的影响

为了揭示蚯蚓活动对温室土壤中不同微生物类群数量的影响，对接种蚯蚓的温室土壤和露地土壤中微生物的数量进行了初步研究。结果表明：接种蚯蚓显著提高了温室土壤中不同微生物类群的数量。与未接种蚯蚓的处理比较，12月时，温室土壤中细菌增加了24．53％，放线菌增加了39．46％，真菌增加了29．7l％，总量增加了25．8l％；露地土壤中细菌增加了18．18％，放线菌增加了29．45％，真菌增加了16．24％，总量增加了21．14％。4月时，温室土壤中细菌增加了42．7l％，放线菌增加了39．08％，真菌增加了36．92％，总量增加了42．53％；露地土壤中细菌增加了33．69％，放线菌增加了22．29％，真菌增加了20．7l％，总量增加了32．73％。接种蚯蚓的温室土壤中不同微生物类群数量的增幅均高于接种蚯蚓的露地土壤。其中4月时接种蚯蚓后的温室土壤的细菌增加量高于其他处理。     

沾化县冬枣栽培区土壤微生物区系研究

采用微生物平皿培养法和化学分析法对山东沾化县冬枣栽培区不同质地土壤微生物数量和养分状况进行了研究.结果表明:(1)沾化县冬枣栽培区根际土壤微生物总数明显高于根外(非根际),呈现出明显的根际效应.(2)该地区土壤微生物以细菌占绝对优势,其次为放线菌、真菌.(3)砂质土壤中的微生物总数量高于黏质土壤中微生物总数量.(4)黏质土壤中的土壤养分含量总体上高于砂质土壤.(5)沾化县冬枣栽培区土壤中链霉菌类群丰富,可分为9个类群,白孢类群占优势.     

白龟山水库周边土壤中微生物的初步调查

应用平板菌落计数法对白龟山水库周边土壤中微生物的数量及其类群进行了初步研究.经调查发现土壤中的微生物类群主要有四大类:好气性细菌、真菌、放线菌和自生固氮菌.其数量与类群主要集中在0~20 cm的表层土中,随着土层加深其数量明显减少.另外也与人类的活动有很大关系.     

德州市五种土壤中微生物功能群的调查

采用平板计数和MPN计数法测定了德州市五种土壤中多种生理类群微生物的数量．结果表明,在研究的土壤中,原核微生物的数量最多．由于土壤偏碱性,放线菌的数量较多,其在建筑用地和5年柳林中的数量甚至超过细菌,真菌在各种土壤中都是最少．各种生理类群微生物的数量变化较大,氨化细菌、亚硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、好氧固氮菌和微嗜氮菌、厌氧固氮菌、磷细菌数量最多,是土壤中的主要功能群．通过探讨土地利用变化对微生物功能群的影响,为发掘土壤微生物资源和定向控制土壤微生物研究奠定基础．     

明胶对土壤微生物数量及矿质氮含量的影响

考察了不同浓度的明胶对不同土壤微生物数量及矿质N的影响．将0％,0．1％,0．2％,0．5％,1．0％,1．5％的明胶分别添加入土壤中,分别于第3,7,14,24,34,44,54,64天采取土样分析其微生物种群数量和氮营养水平变化．结果表明：随着明胶量的增加,土壤中三大类微生物的数量及硝态氮和铵态氮的含量均增加,但随着时间增长,有恢复原有水平的趋势．以培养采样时间为横轴。各测量指标为纵轴得到的趋势曲线表明,数量的拐点：细菌在24天,真菌34天,园艺土放线菌44天、菜地土放线菌34天．前期显著增加了对细菌和真菌的数量,后期显著增加了放线菌数量;硝态氮的拐点：园艺土在54天,菜地土在44天;氨态氮的拐点随明胶浓度的不同表现不太一致,但都在第14天后恢复．土壤微生物学特性及N营养水平的变化反映出：在控制范围内,明胶量的增加,提高了土壤健康的生物指标及营养指标．     

云南西双版纳香荚兰种植园土壤微生物类群初探

对采自西双版纳香荚兰11个不同种植区土样中的细菌、放线菌和真菌三大微生物类群进行了分析,分离出真菌优势种群14种、细菌31种、放线菌8种。细菌中芽胞杆菌占半数以上,放线菌中金色类群和白孢类群占优势。要从土壤的微生物区系对其病害进行调控,需要进一步摸清优势种群与病害的关系,并从中找出其有拮抗性的优势菌,分析研究诱发其有拮抗性的优势种群条件。     

峨眉山珙桐根际和非根际土壤微生物的初步研究

以四川峨眉山珙桐林为研究对象,选取珙桐林珙桐根际和非根际两种土壤样品,分别进行微生物的分离、测数,并根据菌株形态、培养特征和生理生化特性等,对根际和非根际土壤中的细菌、放线菌和真菌进行了初步鉴定.结果表明:从珙桐根际和非根际土壤中共得到细菌菌株85株,分属于9个属;放线菌菌株28株,分属于2个属;真菌菌株13株,分属于5个属.同一地区珙桐根际和非根际土壤中,珙桐根际土壤中的微生物的总数以及细菌、放线菌和真菌数量均低于非根际土壤.     

不同类型钾肥对番茄土壤理化性状及微生物的影响

通过番茄土壤对照试验,研究不同类型钾肥对土壤理化性质、微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明:与对照相比,施用新型含钾中微量元素肥料——"碳酶钾"能够提高番茄土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分的含量,降低土壤酸度、土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,改善了土壤的理化性状;提高了土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的含量;同时还能够显著地增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶及过氧化氢酶的活性.     

放线菌

近年来主要是由于抗菌素的筛选和发酵以及土壤微生物学的研究,大家对于放线菌都渐渐重视起来,因而微生物学中这一个比较新的部门才得到了迅速的发展,特予简单介绍,以供参考。Ⅰ.放线菌在微生物界中的分类位置放线菌是介于细菌、真菌之间的一个微生物类群,由于其中比较高级的类型——放线菌属(Actinomyces)的菌落呈菌丝体状(由菌丝分枝而长成的丛团),又有气生菌丝体和分孢子,很象真菌,所以早先有许多真菌学家把它们放在真菌里面。近年来放线菌在微生物界中的位置才明确起来,它们和真菌的近似只是外貌上的,但本质上更接近细菌,以下几点可兹证明:     

有机肥施用对烟草根际微生物影响的研究

对烟草根系施用5种配方肥料,并分别检测烟草移栽前、后20,40,60,120 d的根际土壤微生物,比较研究了不同肥料对烟草根际微生物的影响．实验结果显示：随着有机肥比例的增加,烟草根际土壤中的真菌、细菌等数量均比不添加有机肥的处理（N0处理）呈增加趋势;其中,50％无机氮＋50％有机氮处理（N3处理）能显著增加烟草根际土壤中的微生物数量,真菌、细菌、霉菌数量分别达到2．46×10^5,2．96×10^8,2．95×10^4个/g ．在烟草种植中,施用50％无机氮＋50％有机氮的有机肥有利于提高烟草根际微生物的数量．     

杂草五爪金龙对其入侵地土壤酶活性与微生物群落的影响

五爪金龙是粤东地区入侵性极强的外来杂草,其对入侵地土壤生态系统可能存在明显的改造作用．在野外调查的基础上,确定3个被五爪金龙重度入侵的生境作为采样地,通过室内实验测定与分析五爪金龙对入侵地土壤酶活性、土壤微生物群落的影响．结果表明：与非入侵地比较,杂草五爪金龙种群在粤东地区的入侵明显改变了入侵地的土壤生态系统的部分结构与功能,包括显著提高了入侵地土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶及硝酸还原酶的活性,其提高幅度均在2倍以上;增加了真菌、自生固氮菌及氨氧化细菌的数量,降低了细菌与反硝化细菌的数量,其改变率均大于20％．土壤酶活性与土壤微生物群落的改变可能导致土壤肥力的变化,因此,五爪金龙成功入侵的土壤微生物学机制有待进一步探讨．     

Phosphate-solubilizing microbes in rhizosphere soils of 19 weeds in southeastern China

Low phosphorus (P) availability is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth in red soils across southeastern China. Many non-symbiotic microorganisms in rhizosphere can enhance P solubility, but little is known about the magnitude of their phosphorus-solubilizing ability (PSA) and the difference in phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) among plant species. The number of phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms and their PSA in rhizosphere soils of 19 weed species in a citrus orchard on red soil at Changshan, Zhejiang, China, were investigated. Inorganic P (powdered phosphate rock, PR) and organic P (lecithin, OP) were respectively used as the sole P-source to examine the PSA of isolated microbes. The PS actinomycetes community varied greatly among the different weed rhizospheres while the PS fungus community showed to be most stable to the weed rhizosphere. The highest number of PR-PS and OP-PS bacteria was found in rhizosphere soil of Mollugo pentaphyll, and the highest number of PR-PS and OP-PS actinomycetes was found in rhizosphere soil of Polygonum lapathifolium. The highest number of PR-PS fungi was found in Erigeron annuus and Mollugo pentaphyll rhizosphere soil, and the highest number of OP-PS fungi was found in rhizosphere soil of Mazus stachydifolius. Mazus stachydifolius showed the strongest PR-PS ability (6340.75μg) while Eragrostis pilosa showed the strongest OP-PS ability (1301.84μg). The PR-PS ability and OP-PS ability of Mollugo pentaphyll was 4432.87μg and 1122.05μg respectively. A significant correlation between the number of PR-PSM and OP-PSM was found. Significant correlation was only found between the PR-PS fungi number and its PSA(r=0.75, P<0.05) and between the number of OP-PS fungi and its PSA(r=0.87, P<0.01}). It indicated that plant species had significant influence on components of the non-symbiotic PSM community and their activity in its rhizosphere soil. Fungi play a leading role in phosphorus solubilization in weed rhizopshere. It suggested that weed conservation could benefit soil microbe development in agroecosystems, especially in the initial stage of agroecosystem development because there is less organic carbon in bare soil. The results suggested that weed conservation could increase PSA of PSM.     

Performance of biological phosphorus removal and characteristics of microbial community in the oxic-settling-anaerobic process by FISH analysis

Performance of biological phosphorus removal in the oxic-settling-anaerobic （OSA） process was investigated. Cell staining and fluorescent in situ hybridization （FISH） were used to analyze characteristics and microbial community of sludge. Experimental results showed that phosphorus removal efficiency was near 60% and the amount of biological phosphorus accumulation in aerobic sludge of the OSA system was up to 26.9 mg/g. Biological phosphorus removal efficiency was partially inhibited by carbon sources in the continuous OSA system. Contrasted to the OSA system, biological phosphorus removal efficiency was enhanced by 14% and the average total phosphorus （TP） contents of aerobic sludge were increased by 0.36 mg/g when sufficient carbon sources were supplied in batch experiments. Staining methods indicated that about 35% of microorganisms had typical characteristics of phosphorus accumulating organisms （PAOs）. FISH analysis demonstrated that PAOMIX-binding bacteria were predominant microbial communities in the OSA system, which accounted for around 28% of total bacteria.     

EM 菌剂处理对春兰生长的影响研究初报

以盆栽春兰为材料,研究不同浓度 EM 菌剂稀释液对春兰生长发育和若干生理生化指标的影响。结果表明：一定浓度的 EM 菌剂处理可显著促进叶片生长,提高叶片蛋白质、可溶性糖和光合色素含量。其中以400倍的 EM 菌剂稀释液处理效果最好,与对照组相比,叶绿素、叶黄素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量分别提高了31.04%、27.23%、0.628%和0.146%。EM 菌剂可能通过改善春兰根系微环境,促进其生长发育。本研究为进一步探索 EM 菌剂在兰花栽培中的应用提供依据。     

Microbial activity and community diversity in a variable charge soil as affected by cadmium exposure levels and time

Effects of cadmium (Cd) on microbial biomass, activity and community diversity were assessed in a representative variable charge soil (Typic Aquult) using an incubation study. Cadmium was added as Cd(NO3)2> to reach a concentration range of 0～16 mg Cd/kg soil. Soil extractable Cd generally increased with Cd loading rate, but decreased with incubation time. Soil mi-crobial biomass was enhanced at low Cd levels (0.5～1 mg/kg), but was inhibited consistently with increasing Cd rate. The ratio of microbial biomass C/N varied with Cd treatment levels, decreasing at low Cd rate (<0.7 mg/kg available Cd), but increasing progressively with Cd loading. Soil respiration was restrained at low Cd loading (<1 mg/kg), and enhanced at higher Cd levels. Soil microbial metabolic quotient (MMQ) was generally greater at high Cd loading (1～16 mg/kg). However, the MMQ is also affected by other factors. Cd contamination reduces species diversity of soil microbial communities and their ability to metabolize different C substrates. Soils with higher levels of Cd contamination showed decreases in indicator phospholipids fatty acids (PLFAs) for Gram-negative bacteria and actinomycetes, while the indicator PLFAs for Gram-positive bacteria and fungi increased with increasing levels of Cd contamination.