Support provider mood and familiar versus unfamiliar events: An investigation of social support quality

Much of what communication scholars know about the production of effective comforting messages comes from the constructivist framework of Applegate (1980), Burleson (1985), and others. This paper extends this framework by addressing two questions put forth by scholars in this area, namely, what is the influence of cognition‐inhibiting situational variables such as mood on the generation of sophisticated, person‐centered comforting messages, and is this influence greater in situations requiring increased cognitive processing (Burleson & Planalp, 2000). In this study, support providers’ moods were manipulated before they were presented with either a familiar or an unfamiliar hypothetical support scenario. As hypothesized, results showed that supportive messages provided in response to a familiar situation were significantly more sophisticated than messages provided in response to an unfamiliar situation. Participants exposed to the happy mood induction encoded significantly more sophisticated comforting messages than did participants exposed to the sad mood induction. No effect was found regarding a two‐way interaction between the support provider's mood and the recipient's situation. Results are discussed within the constructivist framework for social support research, and directions for future investigations of social support are suggested.     

Coping with guilt and shame: a narrative approach

Autobiographical narratives (N = 97) of guilt and shame experiences were analysed to determine how the nature of emotion and context relate to ways of coping in such situations. The coding categories were created by content analysis, and the connections between categories were analysed with optimal scaling and log‐linear analysis. Two theoretical perspectives were tested: the view that shame generally is a more maladaptive emotion than guilt, and the view that in situations where responsibility is ambiguous, both guilt and shame feelings are likely to be maladaptive. In line with the latter, chronic rumination was more likely to occur in situations where responsibility was ambiguous compared to situations where the respondent's responsibility was clear, regardless of emotion. In addition, reparative behaviour was less frequently reported in shame situations than in situations where the respondent felt guilty or both guilty and ashamed. The findings supported the view that the nature of emotional reaction and the nature of the situation both affect the ways of coping.     

24种中草药提取液对蝴蝶兰软腐病病原菌的抑菌作用研究

为了有效防治蝴蝶兰软腐病,首次在实验室条件下,进行抑制病原菌的试验。从中药大辞典中选取24种对细菌有抑制作用的中草药,用80%乙醇提取液,进行单因素与双因素的抑菌测定。结果表明乌梅-五倍子提取液1:3混合抑菌效果最好,平均抑菌圈直径为3.93cm。     

Two Fifth Grade Teachers' Use of Real-World Situations in Science and Mathematics Lessons

The purpose of this study was to investigate the types, sources, and cognitive levels of tasks that included real-life situations used in science and mathematics lessons in the classrooms of two 5th-grade teachers at an urban elementary school in Turkey. A qualitative approach was used to analyze data that included classroom observations, teacher interviews, and document collection. Results showed that in contrast to mathematics instruction, science instruction often relied on real-life situations in explaining scientific concepts. Mathematics lessons mainly included textbook-oriented real-life situations. On the other hand, the science lessons relied primarily on teacher- and student-oriented real-life contexts. While science instruction included personal, social, global, and historical situations, mathematics instruction involved only personal and educational situations in making real-life connections. Results further showed that, in contrast to science instruction, many of the real-life tasks used by the teacher in the mathematics lessons were cognitively demanding.     

心理教育情境解读

心理教育是在一定情境中展开的,心理教育目标通过情境的作用影响学生心理品质的提升。物质情境是开展心理教育的基础,从心理教育名称所构成的情境到心理教育的空间情境和咨询室的情境设计等都潜在地影响心理教育的成效。心理教育过程对学生的影响是即时的、综合的、流动的,文章着力分析的是暖身情境、问题情境、留白情境、模拟情境等。     

“Sailing in Calm Waters Doesn't Teach”: constructing expertise through problems in work—the case of Finnish human resource developers

This article examines the construction of occupational expertise through problematic situations encountered during everyday work. The human‐centred and knowledge‐intensive domains of current working life, for instance human resource development (HRD), contain various problem situations which tend to be open and unstructured, lacking a single solution. Those ill‐defined problem situations characterise also HRD as a domain of expertise which requires multidisciplinary formal knowledge and, especially, the ability to make use of it. Accordingly, it is suggested that learning to be an expert in HRD can be seen as a constructive process where varied formal knowledge and previous experiences of the domain are applied, contested and transformed into new forms of practical knowledge. Thus, much of the expertise in HRD will eventually be constructed through experience in practical problem‐solving situations. Those situations and the ways in which a HR developer interprets an event and chooses and tries out resolutions can be seen as an interpretative and narrative process which influences the construction of expertise. The study presented here aimed to understand within the narrative framework the nature of problematic situations in work as an experiential resource for the construction of expertise among HR developers. Twenty experienced HR developers in various workplaces in Finland were interviewed and asked to tell about problematic situations, how they were resolved and what was learnt from the process. The interviewees’ stories exhibited the diversity of HRD as a domain of expertise. However, in sum, communication, interactivity, collaboration and the involvement of management, which are commonly presented as ideals in HRD, are in fact the primary sources of problematic situations, and thus also of new learning in the HR developer's world. On the basis of the interviewees’ stories about problems and resolutions it is concluded, firstly, that much of an HR developer's expertise seem to be constructed through promoting and acting in dialogue, and, secondly, that it can be characterised as a flexible and inclusive state of mind rather than the application of routine procedures, and that going through problematic situations bestows confidence regarding practical knowledge in future situations.     

An Ethnographic Study of Korean Kindergartners' Reasoning During Group Moral Discussions

This study, conducted in Korean classrooms, investigated kindergarten children's reasoning during group moral discussions of problematic situations. The children were presented with pictures depicting problem situations distributed by the Korean Ministry of Education and were invited to: (a) reason about others' perspectives, (b) grasp the causes of the problems, and (c) seek ways to solve the problems. The study's findings suggest that young children be provided with more opportunities to engage in discussions of problem situations. Additionally, the researcher recommends further study of moral reasoning processes in preschoolers.     

Improving the quality of home visitation: an exploratory study of difficult situations

OBJECTIVE: The primary purpose of this study was to use an ecological assessment model to obtain a better understanding of difficult situations that home visitors confront when implementing home visitation services. METHOD: A mixed method study was used which included conducting focus groups to identify specific situations faced by home visitors who implement the Healthy Families America model of child abuse and neglect prevention. The results of the focus groups were used to design a survey. The survey had 91 Healthy Families home visitors rate situations according to frequency and difficulty. RESULTS: The results revealed that situations that were ranked most difficult included working with families where there are limited resources, where family mental illness is present (e.g., threatening suicide), where there is substance use in the home, and where families are unmotivated. A factor analysis of the situations produced five factors that reflect the difficulty of doing home visitation: having a lack of clinical skill, addressing family difficulties, addressing parenting difficulties, resolving personal difficulties, and having a lack of experience. CONCLUSION: The situations identified in this study can assist in developing the competencies needed by home visitors. The factor analysis results can be conceptualized into an inventory for staff supervision, with workers completing the inventory to identify individual areas of training needs.     

A Developmental Study of Leadership

Abstract

The critical incident technique was employed to study 85 student teachers' perceptions of and acts in dealing with discipline problems. Results showed that: (I) 80 percent of the discipline problems were attributed to pupils' talking and aggressive behaviors; (2) punishment (including withholding of approval) and threat of punishment were utilized to deal with discipline problems in more than 80 percent of situations; and (3) approval was applied more frequently in effective situations, while disapproval was used more frequently in ineffective situations.     

测试环境对大学生听力测试成绩的影响初探

不同的测试环境对大学生听力理解测试成绩的影响值得探讨。通过进行三种设定环境下的测试,并依次分析实验组、控制组的历次成绩,和对实验对象的动机问卷调查值(Motive Questionnaire,MQ)及其听力测试得分的相互关系进行统计学分析,最后得出结论:测试环境的改变会引起学生的动机和焦虑感的变化,进而影响其成绩,因此英语教师应该有意识地安排合适的地点和时间,创造类似S2的测试环境,以帮助学生在听力理解测试中充分发挥水平。     

体育产业发展现状及其发展策略探究——黑龙江体育产业的个案分析

针对黑龙江体育产业发展现状进行了实地调研与调查,在深入分析黑龙江体育产业发展现状及其发展制约因素的基础上,提出了解决黑龙江体育产业发展的若干策略.     

Attributions and Attitudes of Mothers and Fathers in Kenya

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined differences and similarities between Kenyan mothers and fathers in attributions regarding successes and failures in caregiving situations and progressive versus authoritarian attitudes. DESIGN: Interviews were conducted with both mothers and fathers in 100 two-parent families in Kenya. RESULTS: Mothers were more likely to make attributions regarding adult-controlled failure in caregiving situations than were fathers, but mothers and fathers did not differ on attributions regarding uncontrollable success, child-controlled failure, or authoritarian or progressive attitudes. Moderate to large correlations were found between mothers and fathers in terms of attributions regarding uncontrollable success, authoritarian attitudes, and modernity of attitudes. CONCLUSIONS: Kenyan mothers and fathers hold very similar attributions for success and failures in caregiving situations as well as parenting attitudes.     

英语完成体与情景的界——兼论意义的结构化

用于完成体的情景具有不同的结构,完成体会表现出不同的量化特征。影响这种量化特征的因素主要是作为情景构成要素的事件与状态的数量和组合方式。根据这一特征,情景类型可以分为双界情景、单界情景、虚界情景和无界情景。这四种情景类型对完成体量化方式的具体影响各有不同。     

Type A behavior in preschool children

Type A behaviors were observed in a group of 48 preschool children in different free-play and competitive situations. Interrater reliability was assessed on the Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH), and the children's and their parents' type A scores were compared. Scores on the MYTH were used to classify children as either type A or type B. Comparisons were made between type A and type B children's play in classroom and in laboratory situations. For the laboratory situations, 24 same-sex type A-type B dyads were formed, and the dyads were observed in free play, followed by car racing, by a tower-building contest, and by an interview. Type A children more frequently showed annoyed facial expressions, gross motor activity, interruptions during classroom free play, and gross motor activity and aggressive play with an inflatable Bobo doll during the laboratory free-play situation. Type A children more often won the car race and the tower-building contest, and they answered a greater number of questions and more frequently answered first during the interviews. These data are consistent with other findings on type A behavior in preschool children and suggest that the behavioral dimensions of type A (competitiveness and impatience-aggression) may emerge as early as the preschool years, particularly in competitive situations.     

桔梗的脂肪代谢研究

以胰脂肪酶的相对活性为指标通过体外实验的方法,对桔梗各提取部位进行活性筛选,结果表明：桔梗总皂甙显示出４１．７％（相对于对照）的抑制胰脂肪酶活性,且达显著水平;醚相、正丁醇相、水相、桔梗菊糖均无活性．本文首次报道了桔梗总皂甙具有减肥活性。     

Caregivers' Interactions With Nonhandicapped and Mainstreamed Handicapped Children in Caregiving and Instructional Activities

Head Start caregivers' positive-neutral and negative interactions with nonhandicapped and mainstreamed handicapped children were observed while they were engaged in activities categorized as caregiving and instructional. ANOVAS with repeated measures indicated that caregivers had higher interaction rates, both positive-neutral and negative, with handicapped than with nonhandicapped children. The higher positive-neutral interaction rate occurred in both instructional and caregiving situations. The higher negative interaction rate occurred only in caregiving situations. Correlations indicated that caregivers' patterns of interaction were different with the handicapped and the nonhandicapped children and that the type of activity influenced the pattern of interactions. Significant correlations between negative interaction rates with handicapped and nonhandicapped children and between negative interaction rates with all children in instructional and caregiving situations suggested that negative interaction generalizes across activities and types of children.     

Caregivers' Interactions With Nonhandicapped and Mainstreamed Handicapped Children in Caregiving and Instructional Activities

Head Start caregivers' positive-neutral and negative interactions with nonhandicapped and mainstreamed handicapped children were observed while they were engaged in activities categorized as caregiving and instructional. ANOVAS with repeated measures indicated that caregivers had higher interaction rates, both positive-neutral and negative, with handicapped than with nonhandicapped children. The higher positive-neutral interaction rate occurred in both instructional and caregiving situations. The higher negative interaction rate occurred only in caregiving situations. Correlations indicated that caregivers' patterns of interaction were different with the handicapped and the nonhandicapped children and that the type of activity influenced the pattern of interactions. Significant correlations between negative interaction rates with handicapped and nonhandicapped children and between negative interaction rates with all children in instructional and caregiving situations suggested that negative interaction generalizes across activities and types of children.     

The impact of situational dimensions on compliance‐resisting strategies: A comparison of methods

This study replicated and extended a study on compliance‐resisting and found that the factors of Intimacy and Rights to Resist each had predictable influences on strategy construction. Utilizing both constructed strategies and preference rating methods, similar situational effects on strategy selection were determined for negotiation, justification, and positive identity management strategies. For example, both procedures indicated that positive identity management strategies were selected more frequently in intimate situations than in nonintimate situations and both procedures indicated that rights to resist was not associated with this strategy selection. However, comparison of the methods indicated that participants underreported the likelihood‐of‐use of negative relational strategies in intimate situations and generally overreported the likelihood‐of‐use of positive identity management strategies. Recommendations for future research were discussed.