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1.
This study examined the effect of distributed questioning on learning and retention in a college lecture course. A total of 48 question pairs were presented over four exams. The 16 question pairs associated with each of the three blocks of the course appeared on the block exams, and all 48 appeared on the final exam. The two questions in each pair were related to each other, so that knowing the answer to one question usually implied knowing the answer to the other. One question in each pair was included in an experimental condition, in which questions were presented online, in class, or both online and in class, before appearing in exams. These conditions were counter‐balanced across the sample. The control questions appeared only in exams. Providing a question online in advance of class, as well as in class, had a significant long‐term effect on the probability of knowing the answers to both experimental and control questions when they appeared in exams. These results demonstrate that coordinated online and in‐class instruction can significantly improve exam performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that distributed instruction creates more robust memory traces, rather than the hypothesis that it creates additional memory traces.  相似文献   

2.
记忆心理学研究发现,测试不仅是评价先前学习效果的手段,它还可以改变长时记忆中的信息。与简单重复学习相比,学习过程中进行一次或几次不给予任何反馈的测试能显著促进学习内容的长时保持。测试对学习的促进获得了多方面实验证据的支持,对此研究者也提出了不同的理论解释,包括侧重于理论机制的记忆失用新理论和强调内在机制的精细提取假设。影响测试促进学习效果的因素则包括了测试次数、测试间隔时间、测试形式及测试后反馈等四个方面。在当前教学实践中,需要重视测试本身对学习的促进作用,如教师要学会合理利用课堂测试,培养学生学会和使用自我测试的学习策略,在设计教材与各类辅导书中的习题以及开发多媒体学习软件时要充分利用测试促进学习研究的发现等。  相似文献   

3.
    
《PRIMUS》2012,22(9):878-888
Abstract

Mathematics teachers often give cumulative final exams, but little research has been done on the effects that cumulative exams given throughout the semester have on student grades and content knowledge. This study went beyond a cumulative final exam, and investigated the benefits of cumulative versus non-cumulative semester exams on students’ final exam scores. Comparing control and experimental sections of an introductory mathematics course showed a positive effect of cumulative exams on final exam scores. Additionally, low-scoring students in the experimental sections performed better on the final exam compared with the average of their semester exams than low-scoring students in the control section. This interaction was not statistically significant, however.  相似文献   

4.
提取练习效应具体指学习某一内容后,进行测试比再次学习的记忆保持效果更好,即使测试后没有反馈也依然存在。研究发现对词语、篇章及技能等类型的学习都存在提取练习效应。但近年来一些研究发现复杂材料不存在提取练习效应。本文综述了有关复杂材料不存在提取练习效应的实验,并讨论了复杂材料没有出现提取练习效应的内部原因。  相似文献   

5.
快速、有效地掌握各种知识和技能是适应现今社会的基本技能之一,而测试就是这样一种有效的学习策略。本文在前人实证研究的基础上,回顾了测试效应的概念、测试效应的基本研究范式、测试效应的消极影响以及概括总结了测试对有效记忆的间接促进作用,并指出把测试效应的实验结果应用于教育实践是未来的发展方向和研究热点。  相似文献   

6.
遗忘是口译方法论中的一个比较棘手的难题,也是无笔记口译时令译员感到头痛的问题。人的记忆能力是有限的,因此必须寻求一种辅助性手段———口译笔记,来帮助译者保持通过识记得来的信息。口译笔记不同于速记,也不同于课堂笔记,它具有个性化,提示性强,现场性等特点。先理解,后下笔;符号、缩写的恰当应用;图式的巧妙应用;特殊词的处理等口译笔记中的技巧能够有效地减轻译员的精神压力从而大大提高工作效率。  相似文献   

7.
通过文献资料对近二十年国内有意遗忘进行了综述.有意遗忘的编码理论、提取抑制理论、区分抑制理论对有意遗忘产生的机制进行解释.在有意遗忘的发展性研究中发现有意遗忘的认知抑制能力是后天发展而来的,并且随着年龄的增大而逐渐发展起来.在影响因素方面发现测验方式、测验难度以及测验的材料等都是影响被试测验成绩的因素.另外,随着有意遗忘研究的深入,有意遗忘研究范式可以作为一种新的研究方法运用到错误记忆、自我参照效应以及情绪等的研究中,研究范式和方法的创新,促进有意遗忘研究领域的不断拓展.  相似文献   

8.
在儿童文学的教学目标基础上提出儿童文学是一个由教师和学生双支点支撑的教与学关系非常密切的课程,认为学生的儿童文学实践不仅可以提升学生的知识水平和实践能力,其成果还可以成为儿童文学教学的宝贵资源。儿童文学的教学改革和课程建设应该在学生的实践参与中完成。  相似文献   

9.
    
This study examined whether practice testing with short-answer (SA) items benefits learning over time compared to practice testing with multiple-choice (MC) items, and rereading the material. More specifically, the aim was to test the hypotheses of retrieval effort and transfer appropriate processing by comparing retention tests with respect to practice testing format. To adequately compare SA and MC items, the MC items were corrected for random guessing. With a within-group design, 54 students (mean age = 16 years) first read a short text, and took four practice tests containing all three formats (SA, MC and statements to read) with feedback provided after each part. The results showed that both MC and SA formats improved short- and long-term memory compared to rereading. More importantly, practice testing with SA items is more beneficial for learning and long-term retention, providing support for retrieval effort hypothesis. Using corrections for guessing and educational implications are discussed.  相似文献   

10.
Effortful retrieval produces greater long‐term recall of information when compared to studying (i.e., reading), as do learning sessions that are distributed (i.e., spaced apart) when compared to those that are massed together. Although the retrieval and distributed practice effects are well‐established in the cognitive science literature, no studies have examined their additive effect with regard to learning anatomy information. The aim of this study was to determine how the benefits of retrieval practice vary with massed versus distributed learning. Participants used the following strategies to learn sets of skeletal muscle anatomy: (1) studying on three different days over a seven day period (SSSS7,2,0), (2) studying and retrieving on three different days over a seven day period (SRSR7,2,0), (3) studying on two different days over a two day period (SSSSSS2,0), (4) studying and retrieving on two separate days over a two day period (SRSRSR2,0), and (5) studying and retrieving on one day (SRx60). All strategies consisted of 12 learning phases and lasted exactly 24 minutes. Muscle information retention was assessed via free recall and using repeated measures ANOVAs. A week after learning, the recall scores were 24.72 ± 3.12, 33.88 ± 3.48, 15.51 ± 2.48, 20.72 ± 2.94, and 12.86 ± 2.05 for the SSSS7,2,0, SRSR7,2,0, SSSSSS2,0, STSTST2,0, and SRx60 strategies, respectively. In conclusion, the distributed strategies produced significantly better recall than the massed strategies, the retrieval‐based strategies produced significantly better recall than the studying strategies, and the combination of distributed and retrieval practice generated the greatest recall of anatomy information. Anat Sci Educ 10: 339–347. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.  相似文献   

11.
    
Several recent studies have shown that retrieval is more efficient than restudy in enhancing the long-term retention of memories. However, studies investigating this effect in children are still rare. Here, we report an experiment in which third-grade children initially read a brief encyclopaedic text twice and then either performed a cued recall test on selected target contents of the text or reread the same text twice. A final four-choice memory test about the text’s contents was administered to all children after seven days as well as tests measuring their IQ and reading skills. In the final four-choice memory test, children who took the initial cued recall test showed significantly greater performance in comparison with children who restudied the text twice (their responses were 87 and 53% correct, respectively). The results suggest that cued recall tests can elicit very robust testing effects in young children, even when complex, educationally relevant materials are used as stimuli.  相似文献   

12.
    
Retrieval-based learning has been investigated in various populations. The present study examined retrieval-based learning in a sample of students at a special-needs school with educational tracks for learning and mental development. In addition, a comparison group of students at a regular school was examined. Learning conditions were manipulated within participants. In a first session, participants either received restudy cycles only, or they received alternating test and restudy cycles. A second session then comprised the opposite form of practice. In both sessions, a final test assessed memory after a short distractor phase. This procedure was the same in two experiments but with different kinds of item material. For both kinds (images and image-word pairs), a testing effect occurred, that is higher recall of tested items. These results show that lower cognitive ability or lack of experience with regularly being tested in school do not prevent students from benefiting from retrieval-based learning.  相似文献   

13.
    
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the distributed presentation of different versions of a question would produce better performance on a new version of the question than distributed presentation of the same version of the question. A total of 48 four question sets of five alternative multiple‐choice questions were presented during a college lecture course. The answers to all the four questions in each set required an inference from the same fact statement. One question in each set appeared on both a block exam and the final. Each of the other three questions was presented either on an online quiz before class, during class or on an online quiz a week after class. Answering different versions of a question before class, during class and after class resulted in better performance on a fourth version of the question on the exam and final than answering the same question before class, during class and after class. On the final exam, 44 questions were answered twice, first under a time constraint of 90 seconds and then when response time was unlimited. The two responses were virtually identical.  相似文献   

14.
高职院校电子信息工程专业必须注入较大精力开发有关实训课题才有望达到预期的培养目标。通过介绍《LED数码管自动测试仪》实训课题的开发思路和开发实践,提出了关于电子信息工程专业实训课题开发的一些观点和设想,为培养目标的达成做了有益的探索。  相似文献   

15.
文章从认知心理学这一跨学科角度,以工作记忆为基本理论基础,并结合多个认知心理学理论,探讨交传中信息遗忘现象的原因及应对策略。工作记忆分为信息识记、保持、回忆或再认三个运作程序。信息识别时过多采用自下而上方式及注意力不集中会造成遗忘;信息保持容量有限,且信息间相互干扰,可能导致遗忘;回忆或再认时记忆痕迹消失或缺少提示信息,信息提取也会失败。这些问题可以通过选择性注意关键词和逻辑关系、组块和笔记、复述练习和心态调节加以缓解,提高工作记忆。  相似文献   

16.
    
Item positions in educational assessments are often randomized across students to prevent cheating. However, if altering item positions results in any significant impact on students’ performance, it may threaten the validity of test scores. Two widely used approaches for detecting position effects – logistic regression and hierarchical generalized linear modelling – are often inconvenient for researchers and practitioners due to some technical and practical limitations. Therefore, this study introduced a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach for examining item and testlet position effects. The SEM approach was demonstrated using data from a computer-based alternate assessment designed for students with cognitive disabilities from three grade bands (3–5, 6–8, and high school). Item and testlet position effects were investigated in the field-test (FT) items that were received by each student at different positions. Results indicated that the difficulty of some FT items in grade bands 3–5 and 6–8 differed depending on the positions of the items on the test. Also, the overall difficulty of the field-test task in grade bands 6–8 increased as students responded to the field-test task in later positions. The SEM approach provides a flexible method for examining different types of position effects.  相似文献   

17.
设计制作了旋风除尘器操作试验台,该装置能调节风量、进灰量等各种试验参数,可观察除尘器内部的气流运动、除尘效果和灰分收集情况,为大气污染控制工程和锅炉原理等课程的教学提供了实验手段。通过对旋风除尘器的工作原理及结构进行分析,建立以除尘效率、压力损失为目标函数的双目标数学模型。考虑了设计变量和约束条件后,经过优化设计,寻找出旋风除尘器的最优化结构参数,绘制试验平台结构图,并制作了旋风除尘器操作试验台。  相似文献   

18.
随着二十一世纪的到来 ,人类已进入了高度信息化时代。社会知识化程度的日益提高、信息量的成倍增长和信息传输的高速化发展 ,要求人们应具有更多更快获取信息的能力 ,这种能力在很大程度上取决于一个人独立、积极、快捷地吸收新思想、新知识以及新方法的能力 ,即自学能力。而自学能力又是人的众多能力中最为重要的一个方面 ,它直接影响着一个人的整体素质的提高。  相似文献   

19.
    
The testing effect refers to the gains in learning and retention that result from taking practice tests before the final test. Understanding the conditions under which practice tests improve learning is crucial, so four experiments were conducted with a total of 438 undergraduate students in Turkey. In the first study, students who took graded practice tests outperformed those who took them as ungraded practice. In the second study, students who took short-answer questions before the first exam and multiple-choice questions before the second exam scored higher on the second exam. In the third study, multiple-choice, short-answer and hybrid questions produced similar learning gains. In the fourth study, students who received detailed feedback immediately after class performed similarly to those who received feedback at the beginning of the next class. The results suggested the contribution of graded practice tests in general; however, the type of questions or the timing of feedback did not predict learning outcomes.  相似文献   

20.
为分散效应的普遍性提供新证据,拟将记忆领域中的分散效应拓展到词汇之间逻辑关系的分类学习中。通过操纵学习方式(集中/分散),考察人们在学习词汇之间逻辑关系的类别时是否存在分散效应。结果发现:(1)分散学习成绩显著高于集中学习,表明逻辑关系的分类学习中也存在分散效应;(2)被试自信心判断在两种学习条件下没有显著差异,表明在该研究范式下的被试在元认知监测的过程中对分散效应不敏感。  相似文献   

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