The effects of differential and variable training on the quality parameters of a handball throw

The aim of this study was to undertake a comprehensive temporal, effective, and practical training study (variable and differential learning) that would offer athletes the opportunity to increase their performance, and to analyse the effects by measuring kinematics and quality parameters. Two participants of differing standards--a player of the first Austrian League and an Olympic and World Champion--but of similar anthropometric characteristics were recruited. One of the participants (Austrian League) was tested on five different occasions (pre-test and four retests) to measure the effects of four different training phases using kinematic analysis. The results of the study indicate an increase in ball velocity within the differential training phases (first, second, and fourth phases), different proximal-to-distal sequences of the participants, and a change of movement pattern during training measured by the segment velocities and the angle-time courses.     

Perceptual training effects on anticipation of direct and deceptive 7-m throws in handball

We examined the effectiveness of perceptual training on the performance of handball goalkeepers when anticipating the direction of both direct and deceptive 7-m throws. Skilled goalkeepers were assigned equally to three matched-ability groups based on their pre-test performance: a perceptual training group (n = 14) received video-based perceptual training, a placebo training group (n = 14) received video-based regular training and a control group received no training. Participants in the perceptual training group significantly improved their performance compared to both placebo and control groups; however, anticipation of deceptive throws improved less than for direct throws. The results confirm that although anticipating deception in handball is a challenging task for goalkeepers, task-specific perceptual training can minimise its effect and improve performance.     

投掷项目最后用力顺序探讨

通过对投掷项目最后用力阶段存在问题的分类认识,以及对最后用力阶段运动学特征、解剖学特点、运动环节间力量传递基本原理的深入分析,认为:对投掷最后用力顺序的认识,属于特定阶段用力顺序的认识,对其认识不能脱离该阶段技术自身的本质特征;投掷最后用力顺序是右侧腿的踝、膝、髋肌肉依次发力;用力顺序与力的传导顺序是一致的。     

Effects of Movement Context on the Encoding of Kinesthetic Spatial Information

Abstract

Effects of movement context upon the encoding of kinesthetic spatial location information were examined in a series of experiments using a motor learning paradigm. A cross-modal, kinesthetic to kinesthetic plus visual feedback procedure was used in each experiment to determine the encoding characteristics of spatial information within a variety of movement conditions. Following knowledge of results trials, subjects performing in cross-modal conditions had significant directional errors (overshooting of the target) for spatial locations associated with specific and non-specific body-referents (Experiment 1), for different movement directions to the same target (Experiment 2), and for long (40 cm) movements (Experiments 2, 3) and short (15 cm) movements (Experiment 4). However, subjects in both intermodal and intramodal conditions who switched movement direction had significant undershooting of the spatial targets (Experiment 3). Movement context in terms of response endpoint location or movement length did not have an apparent effect on directional errors. Performances in all experimental conditions were biased in the direction of the movement during learning. The context provided by movement direction did influence the encoding of kinesthetic spatial information.     

A Weighted Kappa Coefficient for Three Observers as a Measure for Reliability of Expert Ratings on Characteristics in Handball Throwing Patterns

Generalizability theory was used to examine both the relative and absolute generalizability of the observed resistance, reactance, and phase angle measurements of total body bioelectrical impedance (Z) for men and women, using the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with modified electrode placement sites (Spectrum Lightweight Instrument; RJL Systems, Detroit, MI). Eighty men and 83 women from a military air force base volunteered as participants. RJL's rules for testing whole-body Z were followed with modification of the proximal electrode placement sites to the center of the antecubital space and popliteal fossa. The design was a 4-faceted crossed Person x Day x Occasion x Trial design treating all facets as random. Each participant was tested by 1 experienced tester on 2 days, 2 occasions, and 3 trials. Data were analyzed independently for each Z measurement anal each sex group. Overall, the modified electrode placement sites produced generalizability coefficients that were equal to or lower than the coefficients reported by Turner, Bouffard, and Lukaski (1996) using standard electrode placement sites. It is concluded that the standard method of measuring Z produces higher generalizability coefficients than the modified electrode placement method.     

The effect of auditory stimulus training on swimming start reaction time

Task-specific auditory training can improve sensorimotor processing times of the auditory reaction time (RT). The majority of competitive swimmers do not conduct habitual start training with the electronic horn used to commence a race. We examined the effect of four week dive training interventions on RT and block time (BT) of 10 male adolescent swimmers (age 14.0 ± 1.4 years): dive training with auditory components (speaker and electronic horn) (n = 5) and dive training without auditory components (n = 5). Auditory stimulus dive training significantly reduced swimming start RT, compared with dive training without auditory components (p < 0.01), with a group mean RT reduction of 13 ± 9 ms. Four of the five swimmers that received auditory stimulus training showed medium to large effect size reductions in RT (d = 0.74; 1.32; 1.40; 1.81). No significant changes to swimmers’ BTs were evident in either dive training intervention. The adolescent swimmers’ results were compared against six male elite swimmers (age 19.8 ± 1.0 years). The elite swimmers had significantly shorter BTs (p < 0.05) but no significant difference in RTs. Auditory stimulus dive training should be explored further as a mechanism for improving swimming start performance in elite swimmers who have pre-established optimal BTs.     

我国优秀体操和女子手球运动员某些运动损伤特征及其心理应激研究

通过对30名国家级体操现役运动员和30名国家女子手球集训运动员的研究,得出如下结果1、优秀体操运动员主要损伤部位是肘关节、踝关节,而以肘关节损伤程度为最严重.女子手球运动员发生运动损伤的主要部位是膝关节、踝关节,以膝关节损伤程度为最严重.2、优秀体操与女子手球运动员在发生运动损伤时的状态焦虑水平较高,分别达到49.37±6.94和49.00±6.61.3、优秀女子体操运动员运动损伤的主要应激源为教练的批评、对手领先表现出色时.优秀男子体操运动员运动损伤的主要应激源为身体或心理失误时、教练的枇评、经受剧烈的疼痛或损伤后.优秀女子手球运动员运动损伤的主要应激源为裁判不公、气候不适场地器材糟糕致使身心失误等.4、优秀体操选手的主要临场应对方式为归因于外界不可控因素,将注意力集中于动作上或转移注意力,优秀手球运动员临场主要应对方式为强化比赛信心、迅速忘记不快经历和经历应激后采取更小心谨慎的方式.     

世界女子手球运动格局变化及发展特点分析

通过对在历届奥运会及世界手球锦标赛女子手球比赛中各国家 (地区 )的成绩及名次的分析 ,讨论世界女子手球运动在各时期发展阶段中的变化 ,进一步阐述世界女子手球运动格局变化特点 ,及当前世界女子手球运动发展趋势。     

Visual-perceptual training with motor practice of the observed movement pattern improves anticipation in emerging expert cricket batsmen

ABSTRACT

This study addressed the paucity of evidence of whether visual anticipation can be improved in emerging experts in striking sports. Twelve emerging expert batsmen from a state cricket squad were equally randomised into intervention and control groups. They were pre-and-post tested on a video temporal occlusion test of a fast bowler, as well as transfer tests of different fast and slow bowlers. The intervention group received two sessions per week of point-light display temporal occlusion training with motor practice of the observed bowler’s action over a 4-week period. The control group completed only the testing phases. Batting averages before, during, and after the study were recorded for both groups. The intervention group, but not the control group, improved anticipation to significantly above chance level across pre-to-post-tests based upon pre-ball flight information. The intervention, but not the control, transferred their learning to anticipate significantly above chance level based upon pre-ball flight information across different fast and slow (spin) bowlers. Batting average of the intervention group was higher than the control group during the study. Findings indicate that the intervention can improve anticipation in emerging expert batsmen, beyond sport-specific practice. This improvement may benefit competition performance, but further evidence is required.     

高校新生军训中定向越野运动的技能训练

根据高校的特点，从定向越野运动的识图与用图训练，模拟定向比赛训练等方面，分析与探计了高校参加全国定向越野赛的组队训练过程中，对学生进行技能训练的几个理论与方法问题。     

The effects of chronic exercise training status on motor unit activation and deactivation control strategies

This study examined the mechanomyographic (MMG_RMS) amplitude–force relationships for 5 (age = 19.20 ± 0.45 years) aerobically trained (AT), 5 (age = 25 ± 4.53 years) resistance-trained (RT) and 5 (age = 21.20 ± 2.17 years) sedentary (SED) individuals. Participants performed an isometric trapezoidal muscle action at 60% maximal voluntary contraction of the leg extensors that included linearly increasing, steady force, and linearly decreasing muscle actions. MMG and skinfold thickness were recorded from the vastus lateralis. b and a terms were calculated from the natural log-transformed MMG_RMS–force relationships (linearly increasing and decreasing segments) for each participant. An average of MMG_RMS was calculated for the entire steady force segment. The b terms for the RT (0.727 ± 0.334) and SED (0.622 ± 0.281) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the AT (0.159 ± 0.223) and were greater during the linearly increasing (0.622 ± 0.426) than decreasing (0.383 ± 0.269) segments when collapsed across segments and training status, respectively. MMG_RMS during the steady force segment and skinfold thicknesses were not different among training statuses (P = 0.106, P = 0.142). Motor unit (MU) activation strategies were influenced as a function of exercise training status and muscle action. Future research is needed to fully understand the implications of these changes in MU control strategies as a result of chronic exercise training on exercise and athletic performance.     

体育教学与训练对大学生头发化学元素质量分数的影响

为了了解体育专业的教学与训练对学生身体健康的影响，指导学生科学地训练，利用高频电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪（ICP0－PES），测试了体育专业与非体育专业学生头发中9种化学元素质量分数，发现运动训练使体育专业男生头发中锰（Mn)，铁（Fe),钙（Ca），镁（Mg)，硼（B），铬（Cr)6种元素显降低。锌（Zn),磷（P）两种元素没有明显差异，体育专业男生铜（Cu)含量高于非体育专业男生。女生头发中铜、钙、镁、磷元素含量不受运动训练的影响，大强度训练使女生头发硼、铁、锌、铬明显减少，而锰显增加，根据上述研究结果，提出了加强运动训练的保健指导，保证每日营养素摄入充足及在运动前、中、后补液等几点建议。     

Loaded hip thrust-based PAP protocol effects on acceleration and sprint performance of handball players

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of two barbell hip thrust-based (BHT) post-activation potentiation (PAP) protocols on subsequent sprint performance. Using a crossover design, eighteen handball athletes performed maximal 15-m sprints before and 15s, 4min and 8min after two experimental protocols consisting of BHT loaded with either 50% or 85% 1RM (50PAP and 85PAP, respectively), in order to profile the transient PAP effects. The resulting sprint performances were significantly impaired at 15s only after the 85PAP protocol, which induced likely and very likely greater decreases compared to the 50PAP. At 4min and 8min, significant improvements and very likely beneficial effects were observed in the 10m and 15m performances following both protocols. Significant differences were found when comparing the two PAPs over time; the results suggested very likely greater performance improvements in 10m following the 85PAP after 4min and 8min, and possible greater performance improvements in 15m after 4min. Positive correlations between BHT 1RMs values and the greatest individual PAP responses on sprint performance were found. This investigation showed that both moderate and intensive BHT exercises can induce a PAP response, but the effects may differ according to the recovery following the potentiating stimulus and the individual`s strength level.     

运动训练对抗氧化能力的影响与预防AD的关系

运动训练能够增强动物脑内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,从而增强机体的抗氧化能力和清除自由基能力,同时降低丙二醛(MDA)在动物脑内的含量,并且使动物的学习记忆能力得到一定的改善,预防阿尔茨海默病。综述国内外有关运动训练、自由基与学习记忆的研究报道,分析并推测运动可能通过提高机体脑内抗氧化能力以增强机体对自由基的清除能力,从而改善机体的学习记忆能力,预防阿尔茨海默病。     

The effects of eccentric phase duration on concentric outcomes in the back squat and bench press in well-trained males

ABSTRACT

The velocity and magnitude in which the eccentric phase of an exercise is completed directly affects performance during the concentric phase. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of eccentric phase duration on concentric outcomes at 60% and 80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the squat and bench press. Sixteen college-aged, resistance-trained males completed 1RM testing, established normative eccentric durations, and performed fast (0.75 times normative) and slow (2.0 times normative) metronome-controlled eccentric duration repetitions. Outcome measures assessed during the concentric phase were: average concentric velocity (ACV), peak concentric velocity (PCV), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), range of motion (ROM), and barbell path. Eccentric duration was significantly and inversely correlated with ACV at 60% (r = ?0.408, p = 0.004) and 80% (r = ?0.477, p = 0.001) of 1RM squat. At 60% of 1RM squat, both fast and slow eccentric conditions produced greater (p < 0.001) PCV than normative duration with fast also producing greater PCV than slow (p = 0.044). Eccentric duration had no impact on RPE, ROM, or barbell path. Our results report for the first time that resistance-trained males performing a deliberately faster eccentric phase may enhance their own squat and bench press performance.     

试论归因训练对运动学习无助感的影响

研究表明，如果运动员长期知觉其表现为失败的，且将失败归因于缺乏能力及运气差，将会导致学习无助，且会选择离开运动队。而若将失败结果归因于缺乏努力的运动员，则较不会发生上述情况。     

The physiological effects of concurrent strength and endurance training sequence: A systematic review and meta-analysis

We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the chronic effects of the sequence of concurrent strength and endurance training on selected important physiological and performance parameters, namely lower body 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and maximal aerobic capacity (VO₂max/peak). Based on predetermined eligibility criteria, chronic effect trials, comparing strength-endurance (SE) with endurance-strength (ES) training sequence in the same session were included. Data on effect sizes, sample size and SD as well other related study characteristics were extracted. The effect sizes were pooled using, Fixed or Random effect models as per level of heterogeneity between studies and a further sensitivity analyses was carried out using Inverse Variance Heterogeneity (IVHet) models to adjust for potential bias due to heterogeneity. Lower body 1RM was significantly higher when strength training preceded endurance with a pooled mean change of 3.96 kg (95%CI: 0.81 to 7.10 kg). However, the training sequence had no impact on aerobic capacity with a pooled mean difference of 0.39 ml.kg.min^?1 (95%CI: ?1.03 to 1.81 ml.kg.min^?1). Sequencing strength training prior to endurance in concurrent training appears to be beneficial for lower body strength adaptations, while the improvement of aerobic capacity is not affected by training order.     

核心力量训练对提高竞技健美操运动员C组难度动作完成质量的影响

以天津体育学院竞技健美操队16名男运动员为研究对象,分为对照组和实验组,分别采用传统力量训练和传统力量+核心力量训练的方式进行了8周的实验。结果表明:实验组和对照组运动员的核心力量、核心稳定性均有所提高,且差异具有显著性,但实验组提高的幅度较大;传统力量与核心力量相结合的训练方法更有利于提高运动员核心区域相关肌群的力量和稳定性水平;实验组运动员的竞技健美操专项力量素质以及完成C组跳跃类难度动作的落地稳定性水平都比对照组提高的幅度大。     

The effects of two different swimming training periodization on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities

This study analysed the effects of two different periodization strategies on physiological parameters at various exercise intensities in competitive swimmers. Seventeen athletes of both sexes were divided to two groups, the traditional periodization (TPG, n?=?7) and the reverse periodization group (RPG, n?=?10). Each group followed a 10-week training period based on the two different periodization strategies. Before and after training, swimming velocity (SV), energy expenditure (EE), energy cost (EC) and percentage of aerobic (%Aer) and anaerobic (%An) energy contribution to the swimming intensities corresponding to the aerobic threshold (AerT), the anaerobic threshold (AnT) and the velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO₂max) were measured. Both groups increased the %An at the AerT and AnT intensity (P?≤?.05). In contrast, at the AnT intensity, EE and EC were only increased in TPG. Complementary, %Aer, %An, EE and EC at vVO₂max did not alter in both groups (P?>?.05); no changes were observed in SV in TPG and RPG at all three intensities. These results indicate that both periodization schemes confer almost analogous adaptations in specific physiological parameters in competitive swimmers. However, given the large difference in the total training volume between the two groups, it is suggested that the implementation of the reverse periodization model is an effective and time-efficient strategy to improve performance mainly for swimming events where the AnT is an important performance indicator.     

掷标枪运动专项技术与专项力量训练现状研究

通过对掷标枪运动专项技术与专项力量训练现状的研究,得出：最后用力阶段是掷标枪专项技术与力量相结合的训练重点,对标枪技术起稳定作用和对爆发式用力起协调作用的基础力量同样重要;专项技术与专项力量训练相结合的力度不够,众多的训练方法过于陈旧和单调。