四川及其邻近地区一些植物的细胞学研究(一)

From standpoint of floristic division,  Sichuan is located in the middle part of Eastern Asiatic Region (Takhtajan 1978) or is the area where Sino-Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and Sino-Japan Forest Subkingdom meet (wu 1979).  Here exist many so- called Arcto-Tertiary elements and newly originated species or races.  In order to bring the light the origin and differentiation of Eastern Asiatic elements,  cytological investi- gation on plants of this region are very significant.  The materials of the following 5 species were collected on Mt.  Emei in Sichuan Province.  Voucher specimens are kept in CDBI.       1.  Toricellia angulata  Oliver var. intermedia (Harms) Hu       PMC meiotic examination revealed n = 12 at diakinesis (Pl. I fig. 9)       Toricellia,  consisting of 2 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  Based on our result along with the report of Toricellia tiliifolia (Wall.) DC. (2n=24) by Kuro- sawa (1977),  we argue that the basic chromosome number of Toricellia is 12.  Many authors,  such as Airy-Shaw (1973),  Dahlgren (1975,  1977),  Takhtajan (1969,  1980), Thorne (1983),  have adopted Hu’s (1934) treatment erecting it as a monotypic family Toricelliaceae.  Its systematic position,  whether closer to Cornaceae than to Araliaceae or vice versa,  has been in dispute.  Cytologically it seems closer to Araliaceae,  as shown anatomically (Lodriguez 1971),  because the basic chromosome number of Cornaceae s. 1. is x=11,  9,  8 (Kurosawa 1977),  whereas that of Araliaceae is 12 (Raven 1975).       2.  Cardiocrinum giganteum  (Wall.) Makino       Somatic chromosome number,  2n=24 was determined from root-tip cells (Ph. I. fig. 8).       Cardiocrinum (Endl.) Lindl.,  consisting of 3 spp.,  is endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  C. giganteum (Wall.) Makino is distributed from Himalayan region to S. W. China.  The present report is in accord with the number reported by Kurosawa (1966) who got the material from Darjeeling of India.  However the karyotype of the present plant is slightly different from that given by Kurosawa.  In the present material,  the satellites of the 1st. pair of chromosomes and the short arms of llst.  pair of chromoso- mes are visibly longer than those of Kurosawa’s drawing (fig. 1,  2) The plants from Yunnan,  Sichuan and Hubei Provinces,  named as C. giganteum var. yunnanense (Leit- chtlin ex Elwes) Stearn,  differ slightly from those of Himalayan region also in outer morphological characters.  The taxon needs both cytological and taxonomical further studies.       3.  Disporum cantoniense  (Lour.) Merr.       PMC meiotic examination revealed n=8 at diakinesis (Pl. I. fig. 6)       This species is widely distributed from Himalayan region through Indo-China to our Taiwan Province and Indonesia. Three cytotypes (2n=14,  16,  30) were reported for the taxon including its variety,  var. parviflorum (Wall) Hara,  by various authors (Ha- segawa 1932,  Mehra and Pathamia 1960,  Kurosawa 1966,  1971 Mehra and Sachdeva 1976a).  Some authors consider D. pullum Salisb. and D. calcaratum D. Don as synonyms of D. cantoniense. So D. cantoniense may be a species aggregate with different extreme races.  Sen (1973a,  b.) reports that the somatic chromosome numbers of D. pullum and D. calcaratum from Eastern Himalayan region are 14,  16,  28,  30,  32.  He also discovered that chromosome alterations in species of Disporum involve not only the num- ber but the structure as well.  He found that in species of Liliaceae where the reproduc- tion is mainly vegetative,  polysomaty often occurs.  In China we have not only D. can- toniense and D. calcaratum but also D. brachystomon Wang et Tang which is similar to D. cantoniense var. parviflorum (Wall.) Hara.  These taxa need further critical studies.      4.  Paris fargesii Franch.      PMC meiotic examination revealed n=5+2B (Voucher no. 112) or n=5 (Voucher no. 62) at MI and AI (Pl. I. fig. 1. 4. 5.).  This is the first report for the species.  A bridge and a fragment were also observed at AI.      Paris polyphylla Smith is extraordinarily polymorphic species.  Hara (1969) re- gards all chinese extreme forms,  such as P. fargesii Franch.,  P. violacea Lévl.,  P. pube- scens (Hand. -Mzt.) Wang et Tang,  etc. as infraspecific taxa of P. polyphylla.  Need- less to say,  the various races of P. polyphylla Smith in China need further critical stu- dies and are good material for further study to understand the speciation.      5.  Reineckia carnea(Andr.) Kunth       Reineckia is a monotypic genus endemic to Eastern Asiatic Region.  In the present material somatic chromosome number in root-tip cells is determined as 2n=38 (Pl. I. fig. 7).  According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.,  the karyotype formula is 2n=28 m+10 sm.  The length of chromosomes varies from 14.28 μ to 5.5 μ. The idiogram given here (fig. 3) is nearly the same as that presented by Hsu et Li (1984). The same number has been previously reported by several authors,  Noguchi (1936),  Satô (1942), Therman (1956).  The karyotype is relatively symmetrical (2B,  accorling to the classi-fication of stebbins 1971) in accord with the opinion of Therman (1956).     

树木的拍摄

树木与人类息息相关,不论自觉或不自觉。人们都意识到,这个世界用于呼吸的空气,环境地球的大气,以及培植未来生物的土壤,全都依赖于树木的存在。人们应该利用摄影去表现春．夏、秋、冬四季树木的形态,表达树木的个性,抒发对大自然热爱的情感,通过摄影活动唤起人们保护自然的意识。     

浅谈生态建筑设计重点及重要性

如今生活在都市里的人都渴望回归自然,希望更多地与大自然接触,但住宅建筑仅有绿色还不能说其具有生态性,住宅的生态型是以绿色为基础涵盖生态环保,可持续发展等多种理念。首先就绿色本身而言,要达到国家有关标准,并具有完整的包括设计,施工,物业管理等多个环节的生命周期评价,且要和所有城市的整体环境质量相结合。其次是垃圾处理,污冰处理的就地化,实现生态最统内部有秩序的循环转换。垃圾就地处理及时,避免了在清运中的撒泄现象和因垃圾堆放而造成的污染。     

蚂蚁的"知音"——记美国生物学家爱德华·威尔逊

如果人类消失,地球上将欣欣向荣;如果蚂蚁消失,成千上万的生物将会跟着消失。20世纪初,著名的英国物理学家卢瑟福曾经骄傲地宣称:科学除了物理之外就是集邮。他的话语中显露出对科学中的博物学传统的轻蔑和不屑一顾。进入20世纪之后,各门科学的研究内容都越来越细致,从前那种"集邮"式的博物学者已经少之又少。但是,总有那么一些不合群的人,偏偏就喜欢研究那些别人不屑一顾的东西,当今的美国生物学家爱德华?威尔逊就是其中之一,他对一种小东西情有独钟。     

漫画走进警察局

警察局是一个严肃的地方,而目击证人描述犯罪分子头像的过程也是要平心静气、开不得半点玩笑的。然而,这样做真的能达到最好的效果吗?     

从北京奥运会谈我国教练员、运动员的职业道德

2008年第29届奥林匹克运动会将在我国首都北京举行,这将会对我国的体育事业产生强大的推动力.我国教练员、运动员职业道德水平的高低将直接影响举办奥运会的质量.因此,我们要加强对教练员、运动员职业道德的培养,以奥运的目标管理他们,在奥运会的赛场上展现出我们最为优秀的一面.     

浅谈如何提升学生的综合能力

现在竞争激烈的社会需要的是综合性人才,本文从如何从工作生活中学习,如何提高面试成绩,如何面对应聘失败,如何做好工作,如何做一名优秀的员工等这几个方面进行详细的阐述。     

浅析遗传病类型的特点、判断方法和相关应用

了解各种遗传病的类型,掌握AD、AR、XD、XR、MF等各种遗传病的特点,初步学会看遗传系谱图.根据各种遗传系谱图的特点,结合实际来解决现实生活中的各种遗传问题,同时可用来阐明国家提倡优生优育的原因,解释《婚姻法》规定禁止近亲结婚的理由.     

坚持不懈 终得硕果

张树球,男,1 943年生,汉族,广西容县人,生化教授,1967年广西医科大学临床医学专业本科毕业.中国生物化学与分子生物学学会会员,广西生物化学与分子生物学会会员.毕业后从事临床医学(医生)工作十年,然后,在右江民族医学院执教生物化学专业.1984年开始主持课题研究工作.     

与奥运作对的科技

脚蹬"拖鞋式冰鞋",身穿"鲨鱼皮泳衣",头戴"蝙蝠侠面具",最好再配上一辆最新型场地自行车……如今的奥运会,俨然成了"新式武器"大显身手的舞台。当我们为现代科学促进奥运发展而欢呼的时候,是否也要看到科技在奥林匹克运动上所展现的另一面?     

秦岭地区10种百合科植物核型报道

本文对秦岭地区的Polygonatum的2种，Hosta的2种和Smilax discotis，Cardiocrinum giganteum，Asparagus filicintus，Reineckia carnea，Tupistra chinensis，Rohdea japonica做了核型分析。其中有4种的核型为国内首次报道。本义对不同产地的玉竹gonatum odoratum)的核型进行了对比，讨论了其核型进化的可能途径。     

蜘蛛抱蛋属(百合科)的细胞分类学研究(1)——四川七个种的核型

In the work mitotic chromosomes in root-tips of 7 species native to Sichuan Pro- vince were examined and their karyotypes were analysed based on 7-8 cells at mitotic meta- phase, using Levan et al.'s (1964) nomenclature. The list of species and origin of the materials used in this work are provided in the appendix.  The micrographs of mitotic metaphase of all the materials are shown in Plates 1 and 2; the idiograms in Fig. 1, 1-9, and the parameters of chromosomes are provided in Tables 1-9.  All the chromosome countings and karyotypes in this paper are reported for the first time.      Characteristics of the karyotypes may be summarized as follows:      1.  2n=38 are found in all the materials except A. sichuanensis, which has 3 cytotypes, i.e, 2n=38+5B, 2n=38+lB and 2n=38+OB (Plate 2, 1-2, Fig. 1, 5-6).      2.  The karyotypes are of two major types: the karyotype of A. flaviflora falls into 3C in Stebbins's (1958, 197l) classification of karyotypes and those of all the other species into 2C. The two types are also different from each other in the number of large and medium-sized chromosomes pairs and morphology of the first pair of chromosomes (compare Plate 2, 5, Fig. 1, 9 with the other micrographs and idiograms).A. flaviflora with the karyotype 3C also differs from the other species in a series of gross morphological characters: the species is of a yellow and campanulate corolla.      3.  The species with caespitose leaves (A. caespitosa and A. omeiensis) have essentially the same karyotype, which is rather different from those of the species with scattered leaves. There are two pairs of small sm chromosomes (arm ratio ≥1.90) in the former karyotype (Tables 1 and 3), but all the small chromosomes are m or sm with arm ratio <1.80 in the latter karyotypes.     

睡莲科的核型分析及其分类学位置的探讨

本文对睡莲科6属6种代表植物的核型进行了研究，并探讨了它的分类学位置。结果如下：莲2n＝16=9sm+4m+3st;王莲2n＝24=8sm+8m+8T，蓝睡莲2n＝28，可配成14对，染色体小，第l号染色体上有2条随体；萍蓬草2n＝34＝18m+16sm；芡实2n=58，可配成29对，染色体小，第l号染色体有2条随体，莼菜2n＝72，可配成36对，染色体按大小可分成大，中、小三个类别。除莲外，其它5种植物的核型为首次报道。莼菜的体细胞染色体数目2n＝72和国外报道的2n＝80不相一致。莲的染色体以及形态学特征和其它睡莲科分类群显著不同，可将其从睡莲科中独立出来，并成立莲科和莲目。原归属于睡莲科的分类群仍组成睡莲目，并分别置于莼菜科和睡莲科。     

知母染色体核型的研究

  A karyotypical analysis of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bung. of the monotypic genus Anemarrhena Bung. (Liliaceae) was carried out for the first time. The number of chromo- somes in root-tip cell of the species was found to be 22, agreeing with that reported by Sato[12], although inconsistent in some other respects, such as position of  centromeres, length of chromosomes, and nucleoli, etc. (Table 1 ). According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.［8］, the karyotype formula is therefore 2n=22=2sm (SAT)+2sm+18m. Photomicrographs of the chromosome complements and idiogram of the karyotype are given   Fig. 1 and 2).       The karyotype of Anemarrhena asphodeloides shows explicitly to be asymmetrical, with three pairs of long chromosomes and eight pairs of short chromosomes. This specialized feature, when considered together with the rare occurrence of the basic chromosome number of 11 of the genus within the Tribe Asphodeleae of Liliaceae (see Table 1), suggests that the genus Anemarrhena is probably a rather specialized one, which has scarcely any intimate relationship with the other genera of the above tribe. The fact that this specialized karyotype is associated with certain trends of morphological specialization, such as flowers possessing three stamens only, gives support to the above suggestion. But, it is impossible to draw a more precise conclusion without a more thorough and comprehensive investigation of the species in question.     

落叶松属的核型及系统位置的研究

 本文分析了我国特产树种红杉Larix potaninii的核型，K(2n)=24=12m+8sm+4st，属2A类型，染色体相对长度组成为2n=24=4L+8M2+8M1+4S。落叶松属植物(10种)的核型由6对较长的中部着丝粒染色体和6对较短的、臂比大于2的近中或近端着丝粒染色体构成，这是较为进化的核型，其中红杉组Sect．Multiserales则似有比落叶松组Sect．Larix更进化的趋势。根据松科各属核型的比较，作者发现落叶松属和黄杉属非常近缘而与其他属较为疏远，因此由它们组成落叶松亚科可能较为合适，这是一个较进化的亚科。该结沦也得到形态学、解剖学、孢粉学、生物化学及古植物学等方面资料的支持。     

万年青属和开口箭属5个种的核型研究

本文对江西、浙江、四川的万年青Rohdea japonica，开口箭Tupistra chinensis、筒花开口箭     T．delavayi、金山开口箭T．jinshanensis以及弯蕊开口箭T.wattii的核型进行了分析，其中筒花开     口箭、金山开口箭和弯蕊开口箭的核型为首次报道。万年青属的基本核型为2n=38＝26m十10sm十 2st；开口箭属的基本核型为2n=38＝26m+12sm，两者极为相似。本文还对万年青属、开口箭属 与其邻近属——铃兰属Convallaria、吉祥草属Reineckia、白穗花属Speitantha，蜘蛛抱蛋属Aspi- distra等的核型进行了分析讨论。     

白穗花的染色体核型分析

本文报道了我国特有植物白穗花(Speirantha gardenii(Hook．)Baill．，百合     科)的体细胞染色体数目，并进行了染色体核型分析。取材于安徽黄山的白穗花     为一个二倍体物种，它的体细胞染色体2n=38=22m+6sm+10st。其中第     9对染色体为亚中部着丝点染色体，在短臂的近着丝点处具一次缢痕，是19对    染色体中唯一的一对随体染色体。     

秃杉的细胞学研究

本文首次报道秃杉的核型为K(2n)=22=16m+6sm,  3号染色体具“长着丝点区 域”。似具比同属的台湾杉(18m+4sm)进化的趋势。它们均为"2B"。从国产杉科植物的 核型类型看,似见"2B"的台湾杉属与"1B"的杉木属和"1A"的水杉属、水松属、柳杉属的亲缘关系依序由近到远并比它们进化。本作者还观察了秃杉的核仁数目和多微核现象。     

百合科细胞分类学研究——(2)浙江产8属8种的染色体数目和核型报道

本文对浙江产的Disporum sessile， Tricyrtis macropodo，  Scilla rcilloides，Ophiopogon japoni-   cus,Liriope platyphylla和Allium macrostemon的核型作了分析，并报道了Polygonatum odoratum   和Asparagus cochinchinensis 的单倍体染色体数目。其中绝大多数为国产材料的首次记载。     

百合科细胞分类学研究(1)——重楼等6属10种的核型报道

本文对陕西、四川和河北的Paris 2种，Cardiocrinum giganteum, Smilacina 2种，Allium     2种，  Asparagus 2种，以及Convallaria majalis 的核型作了分析，其中Paris polyphylla var.     latifolia，  Smilacina henryi 和 Allium  ovalifolium 的染色体报道为第一次。  首次发现Perisverticillata 中四倍体细胞宗的存在。本文对Paris的核型、地理分布和分类作了分析讨论。