THE BEGINNINGS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN EASTERN EUROPE: PADUAN INTERNATIONALISM

After its founding in 1222, but particularly after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the University of Padua came to play a very important role in the intellectual development of religious and secular elites in the Balkans, in the Christian community of Constantinople itself, and in Russia. In particular, between 1600 and 1800, graduates of this university influenced aspects of literature, art, philosophy, scientific progress, and, above all, the development of higher education. The graduates of Padua and of institutions in Eastern Europe, influenced by teachers who had been trained at Padua, came to form what the author calls a “Paduan Brotherhood”, whose members had a similar intellectual outlook.     

RECENT TRENDS AND FUTURE TENDENCIES OF HIGHER EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOCIALIST COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE

Developments in higher education in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe are of interest to a large number of the Bulletin readers. In the context of the topic on which this issue of the Bulletin is con‐centrated, the following information is presented. It is based on an article entitled “Recent Trends and issues in Higher Education in Eastern Europe”, which was written by Professor Stefan Kwiatkowski, Deputy Director of the Institute of Science Policy, Technological Progress and Higher Education in Warsaw.     

INTERNATIONALIZATION: A CHANCE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

After a brief evocation of the world crisis that higher education is facing, the author proposes several remedies based on international academic co‐operation. One of these is the UNITWIN/UNESCO Chairs Programme of which he was the first administrator after its inauguration in 1991. While often viewed as a form of North‐South co‐operation, many UNESCO Chairs have also been set up in eastern and central Europe, several of which are described. Funding for UNESCO Chairs comes from a diversity of sources, UNESCO serving as the catalyst and sometimes as the middleman. UNESCO will sometimes also provide seed money. The Programme has proven to be an excellent, cost‐effective form of academic solidarity. Several suggestions for the improvement and expansion of the Programme are given.     

WESTERN ASSISTANCE TO HIGHER EDUCATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: THE NEED FOR AN ASSESSMENT

This article introduces the topic of this issue of the review. Because there has been no systematic evaluation, so far, of the impact of western assistance programmes for higher education in eastern and central Europe since they got underway in 1989‐1990, the hope is that this publication will kick off the necessary debate. In general, two stages in the reform process can be identified, a reparatory stage that lasted around three years, and now a holistic stage, that emphasizes a systemic approach to reform. It is hoped that the eight articles making up the topic will serve as catalysts for many more studies on all aspects of this vast problem.     

从过程观与状态观的视角看教育质量

从过程观与状态观看：教育质量的内涵应该同时具有过程和状态的特性,而教育发展与社会外界对教育质量的新的要求与原有教育质量间的矛盾,是教育质量得以不断发展变化的动力。     

A STRENGTHENED EUROPE AS A FACTOR IN THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION: A UNESCO VISION

Beginning with general considerations about the vocation and role of UNESCO with regard to the promotion of higher education, the article zeroes in on the specific activities of CEPES, the UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education in Bucharest, Romania. Some of these activities, which are presented in detail, involve the massive introduction of new information technologies and electronic communication links into the universities and the higher education systems of the region, particularly in eastern Europe. These will contribute greatly to the internationalization of education, one of the goals of UNESCO.     

THE INSTITUTES OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION: PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION

Since achieving independence in 1991, the Republic of Latvia has taken radical measures to reform its system of science on a western model. The funding system has been overhauled, the Academy of Sciences, that used to be a kind of Ministry of Science, has become an academy of the classical type, and the advanced degrees of scientists inherited from the USSR‐era have been nostrificated. The big problem has been that of enacting the decision made to integrate the former institutes that were subordinated to the Latvian Academy of Sciences into the university system. The process has been resisted by university teachers who do not want to do research and by institute scientists who do not want to teach students, particularly undergraduate students. The article describes several measures that have been taken to deal with this problem which still remains unresolved.     

LIFELONG AND ADULT EDUCATION AS THEY INTERRELATE WITH THE DEMOCRATIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The implementation of the principle of lifelong education is dependent on the progress made toward the democratization of higher education as well as on the interrelation of lifelong education with adult education. The following article deals with the above issue in the context of developments in higher education, mainly in the Unesco European Region.

The article is part of a study written by Mr. George Z.F. Bereday, of Columbia University for the International Bureau of Education (IBE) and presented in IBE Bulletin No.210, 1979 devoted to the democratization of higher education.     

34th MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

The 34th meeting of the Council of Europe Committee for Higher Education and Research was held in Strasbourg from 3 to 5 November 1976.

The main points raised in discussions were as follows:

• the current situation and trends in tertiary education;

• the recognition of degrees and diplomas;

• the future existence of the Committee for Higher Education and Research;

• the current situation and trends in university research;

• the teaching of human rights;

• mobility of higher education staff and students;

• the future programme of the Committee.

The information presented below concentrates on some of the above points.     

34th MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

The 34th meeting of the Council of Europe Committee for Higher Education and Research was held in Strasbourg from 3 to 5 November 1976.

The main points raised in discussions were as follows:

• the current situation and trends in tertiary education;

• the recognition of degrees and diplomas;

• the future existence of the Committee for Higher Education and Research;

• the current situation and trends in university research;

• the teaching of human rights;

• mobility of higher education staff and students;

• the future programme of the Committee.

The information presented below concentrates on some of the above points.     

高师物理专业电磁学和电动力学课程整合与教学创新

讨论了高师物理专业电磁学和电动力学课程整合的必要性和可行性,提出了改革现有课程体系、教学内容、教学方法和教学手段的一些具体设想。希望为促进教学内容与教学结构的深层次改革,实现传统教学模式的创新,改善教与学的效果,提高学生的研究性学习能力和创新能力提供有益的参考。     

HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE CONCEPT OF LIFELONG EDUCATION

The following article does not give a complete answer to the above question nor does it define the concept of lifelong education, but it shows the place and the role of lifelong education in the system of education.

The article is based on the first chapter of the study written by James B. Ingram, Director of the B. Ed. Course at Bradford College (the United Kingdom) in collaboration with the Unesco Division of Educational Structures, Contents and Methods and the Unesco Institute for Education in Hamburg.     

LINKÖPING: 33RD MEETING OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE COMMITTEE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

The 33rd Meeting of the Council of Europe Committee for Higher Education and Research (CHER) was held in Linköping (Sweden) from 12 to 14 May 1976. The main points of discussion were the following: - the position of modern language lectors abroad;

- the setting up of advisory committees for medical and pharmaceutical edu.cation;

- multi-media distant study systems;

- admission to tertiary education (early selection at secondary-school level, attitudes of students and parents as a result of new admission rules, role of working life experience in admission, consequences for higher education resulting from new admission rules);

- financial aid to students;

- education in science and technology and research careers (attitudes to the study of science and technology, ageing of the research population);

- teacher education (creation of an association for teacher education in Europe, current trends);

- situation of and trends in tertiary education;

- progress report of the Secretariat . (special project mobility, equivalence of diplomas, curriculum re- o form and development);

- CHER programme of work for 1977 and 1978.