Response Inhibition,Memory, and Attention in Boys with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Newly developed measures of response inhibition, verbal and non-verbal memory, and attention were applied to a sample of boys diagnosed with ADHD (n = 50; 14 predominantly inattentive type and 36 combined type) with no diagnosed comorbid conditions, who had received no stimulant medication for a minimum period of 20 hours prior to test administration. Performance was assessed relative to 50 individually age-matched control boys. Results revealed significant multivariate group differences on all three tests, supported by univariate effects on measures of verbal memory and attentional switching. In all cases, ADHD boys performed more poorly than the control boys. However, contrary to expectations, boys with ADHD made significantly fewer impulsive responses (false positives) on the specific measure of response, despite recording significantly more misses than the controls. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed according to ADHD subtype. The present research therefore demonstrates and more fully characterises the nature of the observed memory and attentional impairments in boys with ADHD and would appear to have clear implications for education and the further development of theory.     

情绪性内隐记忆:内隐记忆中的情绪指标

现代认知心理学目前已经涉及到情绪与各种认知过程、尤其是情绪与记忆关系问题的探讨。对于记忆和情绪的双向关系问题,目前的研究热点是内隐记忆中诸情绪的记忆效应问题。其中,正常人与心理症患者或非正常的心理状态中的情绪的记忆效应构成了两个研究方向。前者集中探讨了心境与记忆的关系,发现记忆的心境依赖效应、记忆的心境一致性效应和资源分配效应,主张内隐记忆可能会负载某种心境的变化,进而可以通过某种先验情绪体验或情绪活动的变量集合来揭示内隐记忆的一些特征。后者从神经症患者的临床表现、机能性遗忘症、遗忘症与催眠情绪诱发、内隐知觉中的“纯粹接触效应”以及分离与去同步化等五个领域出发,系统界定了情绪记忆的内隐机能,认为与情绪反应相连的广泛的精神病症候变量均可反映内隐记忆。沿循上述思路与方法,现代认知心理学必将获得一种整合心理动力学的理论框架与手段,进一步探究认知、情绪和动机过程乃至身心交互作用等根本性问题。     

内隐记忆、无觉察知觉与内隐学习关系综述

内隐记忆、无觉察知觉与内隐学习是当今无意识领域研究的热点问题,这是因为它们都与“认知无意识”有关.当所完成任务不需要意识性提取过去经验时,表现出来的是内隐记忆;如果刺激呈现在意识觉察阈限以下,这种短暂、无觉察的呈现对后续的行为产生了影响,说明无觉察知觉在起作用;人们学习了复杂信息但又对所学知识完全不能用言语表达出来,体现了内隐学习的作用.内隐记忆与内隐学习之间存在相互关系:不同点表现为所涉及的加工阶段、研究范式、研究材料、所使用的加工分离程序及所涉及的脑区四个方面;相同点表现为无意识加工过程、研究范式阶段及加工水平影响三个方面.无觉察知觉与内隐学习之间也存在着不可忽视的联系:不同点表现在引起无意识的原因、认知加工过程及学习材料复杂程度三个方面;相同点体现在主试对学习材料的操纵、实验研究范式及意识与无意识的分离三个方面.     

内隐记忆与品德教育

内隐记忆是研究影响个体品德形成因素的新视角.基于内隐记忆理论,学校和教师在德育过程中,必须重视学生内隐记忆、内隐学习的过程,既要重视外显学习的效率,也要注意内隐学习的效果.必须协调好二者,使之发挥正向、积极的作用.     

内隐记忆的启示

自从德国心理学家艾宾浩斯开创记忆的实验研究以来,记忆研究已经具有100多年的历史。传统记忆研究主要集中在对意识范围内的记忆研究,但是随着研究的深入,研究者们逐渐发现还存在着一种无意识记忆,而且它在实际生活中的作用要比人们想象的大得多,这种记忆就是内隐记忆。 内隐记忆是指在不需要意识或有意回忆的情况下,个体的经验自动对当前的任务产生影响而表现出来的记忆;其操作定义是在不需要对特定的过去经验进行有意识或外显的回忆的测验中表现出来的对先前获得信息的无意识提取。 目前,有关内隐记忆的研究已经成为当今认知心理学的中心课题。     

Memory modality differences in children with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder with and without learning disabilities

This study assesses information processing and memory functioning in 50 children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) with and without learning disabilities (LD). Mode of presentation (visual vs. auditory), type of memory processing (immediate, short-term, and long-term), and order of recall (ordered vs. unordered) were assessed using the Learning Efficiency Test-II (LET-II). Both groups demonstrated difficulty with auditory ordered recall and lost substantial information from immediate memory to short-term and long-term memory stores. The ADHD/LD group also demonstrated more difficulty with ordered recall than the ADHD only group. While there were no differences between the two groups in regard to immediate recall, the ADHD/LD group demonstrated more problems transferring information into short-term and long-term memory stores than the ADHD only group. Verbal interference effects significantly decreased retention for both visual and auditory processing. Results indicate that ADHD alone presents significant problems in information processing, but the comorbid effects of a learning disability further intensify the negative impact of ADHD. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

内隐记忆的概念反思、研究范式及研究进展

内隐记忆是认知心理学一个重要的研究领域,对于临床医学疾病诊断、记忆康复、心理咨询与治疗等工作具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文介绍了内隐记忆概念的界定及研究范式的发展,并从临床医学、人格特质、情绪状态、认知风格、认知加工及内隐记忆的个体差异等六个方面总结了相关领域的研究进展。     

关于精神分裂症患者的内隐记忆研究进展

精神分裂症作为一种严重的精神疾病，患的认知功能、执行功能、言语、注意、记忆等方面都有不同程度的损伤。Jean-Marie Danion，Thierry Menlemans等人的实验研究通过采用人工语法结沟，以精神分裂症患和健康人作为对照，运用多种控制手段，试图说明患的内隐记忆尚未受到损害，从而为其治疗、干预提供一定的启示和理论支持。     

Comorbidity, or Coexistence, Between Dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Anni-Mari Knivsberg, Karl-L. Reichelt and Magne Nødland outline the problems resulting from comorbidity (the simultaneous occurrence of two or more disorders) in children, the effects of which tend to be more serious than those resulting from a single disorder. Two of the most common developmental disorders are dyslexia and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), which frequently co-occur and affect almost all developmental areas. It is, therefore, important to identify comorbidity before planning and implementing educational programs. In considering the implications of comorbidity, a comprehensive review of the international literature is provided.     

内隐记忆和外显记忆的ERP分离述评

事件相关电位(ERP)在探讨与不同认知活动相关的神经活动分离现象上具有较大的优势。文章通过回顾以往相关研究,对编码及提取阶段中内隐记忆和外显记忆的ERP分离现象进行了概述,表明不论在编码过程中,还是在提取过程中,内隐记忆和外显记忆都存在着分离现象,二者属于不同的记忆系统,与不同的大脑机制相联系。最后探讨了当前ERP研究的缺陷及未来展望。     

内隐记忆在社会认知领域的应用研究

随着对内隐记忆研究的进一步深入,内隐记忆的研究已经被应用到了许多领域,与其它广泛领域的结合也是其未来发展的趋势。内隐记忆在社会认知领域的应用主要体现在概念和研究方法方面。通过借鉴其研究方法,社会认知领域的内隐记忆研究已经取得了丰硕成果。     

问题解决中的内隐记忆效应

采用2个实验检验了内隐记忆对问题解决的影响.实验1采用正负启动的类型,探讨了不同提示条件下概念启动是否能激活问题解决的关键信息:实验2使用相同的方式,探讨了表象启动激活的浅加工过程对问题解决的影响.结果表明:在概念启动的条件下,启动类型之间的正确率有显著差异,提示类型的差异并不显著,启动类型与提示类型之间的交互作用不显著.在表象启动条件下,启动类型之间的正确率有显著差异,提示类型的差异不显著,启动类型与提示类型之间存在交互作用.无论是概念启动还是表象启动,正启动均比负启动更容易促进问题的解决,内隐记忆和外显记忆对问题解决具有相同的作用.     

Attention,Working Memory,and Long-Term Memory in Multimedia Learning: An Integrated Perspective Based on Process Models of Working Memory

Cognitive models of multimedia learning such as the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (Mayer 2009) or the Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller 1999) are based on different cognitive models of working memory (e.g., Baddeley 1986) and long-term memory. The current paper describes a working memory model that has recently gained popularity in basic research: the embedded-processes model (Cowan 1999). The embedded-processes model argues that working memory is not a separate cognitive system but is the activated part of long-term memory. A subset of activated long-term memory is assumed to be particularly highlighted and is termed the “focus of attention.” This model thus integrates working memory, long-term memory, and (voluntary and involuntary) attention, and referring to it within multimedia models provides the opportunity to model all these learning-relevant cognitive processes and systems in a unitary way. We make suggestions for incorporating this model into theories of multimedia learning. On this basis, one cannot only reinterpret crucial phenomena in multimedia learning that are attributed to working memory (the split-attention effect, the modality effect, the coherence effect, the signaling effect, the redundancy effect, and the expertise reversal effect) but also derive new predictions.     

Developmental Changes in Attention and Comprehension Among Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Changes in visual attention and story comprehension for children (N = 132) with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comparison peers were examined. Between the ages of 7 and 9 (Phase 1) and approximately 21 months later (Phase 2), children viewed 2 televised stories: 1 in the presence of toys and 1 in their absence. Both groups of children showed developmental increases in visual attention and stable group differences over time. Deficits in comprehension among children with ADHD, however, increased over time. Whereas comparison children’s recall of factual and causal information increased over time in both viewing conditions, children with ADHD showed no developmental improvement in recall of factual information in the toys‐present condition and no improvement in recall of causal relations in either viewing condition.     

Preschoolers' Attention to and Memory for Attachment-Relevant Information

This study examined the relation between attachment quality in infancy and attention and memory at 3¹/₂ years. Sixty-eight children participated in 2 attention tasks and 1 memory task. In the first attention task, children were shown several sets of drawings; each set depicted a different mother-child dyad engaged in positive, negative, and neutral interaction. Insecure/avoidant children looked away from the drawings; more than the other children. In the second attention task, children were shown different sets of drawings; each set depicted a mother-child dyad engaged in positive interaction and an adult dyad expressing neutral affect. Insecure/avoidant and insecure/ambivalent children looked away from the mother-child drawings more than the secure children; when children did look at a drawing, insecure children were less likely than secure children to look at the mother-childdrawing. in the memory task, children were read 6 stories in which a mother responds to her child's bid for help. In 2 stories the mother responds sensitively to her child, in 2 stories the mother rejects her child, and in 2 stories the mother provides an exaggerated response to her child. Secure children recalled the responsive stories better than insecure/avoidant children and the rejecting stories better than the insecure/ambivalent children. Findings are discussed in terms of the proposition from attachment theory that attachment experiences influence attention and memory process.     

提取干扰对内隐和外显记忆的差异化影响

以往较多的研究探讨过提取干扰与外显记忆之间的关系,且所获得的结果较为一致。而关于提取干扰与内隐记忆关系的研究相对较少,并存在差异化的结果。为了进一步证实提取干扰下内隐记忆的表现,以及同外显记忆的差异,该实验采用经典的“学习-测验”范式,并通过在提取阶段设置箭头干扰任务来探讨。结果发现,提取干扰下内隐测验中获得的启动效应受到显著的破坏作用,而外显测验中的成绩不受影响。可见,内隐记忆的提取需要一定的注意资源,而外显记忆的提取表现出相对完整的自动化。     

情绪对个体外显和内隐记忆的影响研究综述

情绪与认知的关系很久以来受到心理学家的极大关注。记忆作为一种重要的认知活动,也受到了关注。随着对内隐记忆研究的深入,在研究情绪对记忆的影响时,国内外学者不仅对情绪对外显记忆的影响进行研究,同时也对情绪对内隐记忆的影响进行了研究,并得出了不同的研究成果。笔者综述了国内外学者对个体的情绪状态以及个体的启动情绪状态对记忆的影响的研究。     

内隐记忆与概念驱动对二语阅读的促进作用

阅读是一个自下而上加工与自上而下加工的结合的过程,即材料驱动与概念驱动的有机结合的过程,而在二语阅读中这两种过程是相互作用的。通过中英文阅读的测试对比发现母语的阅读能力与二语的阅读能力具有一定的相关性,学生已有的母语知识经验的内隐记忆与概念驱动对二语阅读起到一定的促进作用。     

学龄前儿童执行功能与注意缺陷多动症状的元分析:抑制控制和工作记忆的作用

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的执行功能缺陷理论已在学龄期儿童和青少年中被广泛证明,学龄前是执行功能发展的重要时期,学龄前儿童执行功能与ADHD症状的关系尚存争议.采用元分析的方法整合国内外近十年的文献,探讨学龄前儿童执行功能与ADHD症状的关系,并分析影响因素.通过文献检索,纳入符合要求的文献28篇,共70个有效数据,...     

内隐记忆与外显记忆编码与提取加工的分离

不论在内隐测验还是在外显测验,编码干扰与提取干扰对随后的记忆行为产生的影响都是不同的,表现出编码加工与提取加工的分离现象.这种分离现象在两类测验中又存在着差异:即编码干扰影响外显记忆,但不影响内隐记忆;而提取干扰影响内隐记忆,但不影响外显记忆,表现出内隐记忆与外显记忆的分离现象.