基于SPACE矩阵的旅行社发展环境研究

AHP层次分析法和SPACE矩阵相结合分析旅行社的发展环境,得出旅行社发展环境处于进取象限。说明旅行社正处于一种绝佳的地位和环境中,可以利用自己的内部优势和外部机会来选择适合自身的战略模式,应充分利用市场渗透策略拓展市场,注重新产品的开发,健全管理制度,采用纵向一体化战略,拓展业务范围,增强自身实力。     

Reducing Troublesome Behaviour in Three Secondary Pupils through Correspondence Training

This exploratory study applied Risley & Hart's correspondence training paradigm to reducing the troublesome behaviour of three 12 to 14 year‐old boys in an inner city high school in the West Midlands. Correspondence training involves negotiating individual reductions in levels of two classes of troublesome behaviour, talking out of turn (TOOT) and hindering other children (HOC). The boys were also assisted to collect data on their own behaviour in specific lessons. The school's existing system of rewards was utilised to reinforce the boys for reducing their levels of troublesome behaviour to match each target level negotiated. Results indicate that all three boys successfully reduced their levels of troublesome behaviour and that all three completed an increased amount of homework when correspondence training was introduced. Anecdotal evidence from teachers corroborated the behaviour changes apparent in the boys’ self‐report data. Correspondence training is seen as a viable and worthwhile procedure for improving social behaviour in secondary pupils.     

多元模式下农民工随迁子女升学政策的思考--以江西省为例

随着经济和城镇化的发展,以江西省为代表的欠发达地区农民工随迁子女快速增加,其升学问题也日益严峻。解决他们的升学问题需要根据其不同的实际需求让多方力量构建破解难题的多元模式,即包括城市公办普通教育升学模式、职业教育模式、民办教育模式等。在多元模式下,以江西省为代表的欠发达地区还需完善相关法律法规,挖掘自身潜力,扩大公办学校招生规模,通过办好职业教育和民办教育使农民工随迁子女获得更多的升学机会,建立教育“补偿”机制确保农民工随迁子女不会因为外在因素失去升学的机会。     

Preventing Conduct Disorder: A study of parental behaviour management and support needs with children aged 3 to 5 years

Managing antisocial behaviour in very young children presents many problems for parents, often leading to personal difficulties for them and the possible development of delinquency in their children as they grow older. This paper examines literature on the early onset of this behaviour and presents data from a sample of 265 parents of children enrolled in preschools or child care centres on their perceptions of their young children's behaviour and of their own support needs. Results suggest that most parents preferred informal sources of support on child management and that only minor behaviour management problems were experienced by most families in this sample. For those experiencing more aggressive behaviours in their children evidence was noted, among other things, of inconsistency in their use of management strategies, greater use of punishment and a lack of confidence, and a need for help with personal coping strategies. Implications for parent support programs are considered.     

在体验活动中促进幼儿的深度学习

幼儿的体验活动本质上是一种具有探究性和实践性的学习活动。良好的活动体验可以强化幼儿的学习兴趣,改善幼儿的学习态度,促进幼儿对事物的认识与理解,增强幼儿学习的目的性和持续性,往往代表着高水平的学习卷入,说明幼儿的体验活动与其深度学习之间存在着有机的内在连接。教师应尊重幼儿的学习主体性,给予幼儿充分的自主学习机会,提高幼儿对体验活动的情感参与;应为幼儿创设真实的学习情境,提升幼儿活动体验的水平与质量,促进幼儿学习能力与学习品质的发展;应加强与家庭、社区之间的合作,为幼儿开展体验活动、实现深度学习提供外部环境支持。     

新课程下的数学课堂教学

借新课程、新课程标准试行推广之契机,我们教师应领会新课程理念,在数学教学中更好地引导学生,拓展他们的发散思维能力,为他们的探索性、研究性学习插上想象的翅膀,培养他们自己主动扑捉“灵感”的方法。     

Energy literacy and agency of New Zealand children

The development of energy literacy (knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviour) and agency of New Zealand children (age 9–10) were investigated through thematic and exploratory statistical analyses of interviews (October 2011–April 2012) with 26 children, their parents and teachers, focus groups and photo elicitation. The children knew that electricity costs money and saw it as a finite resource. Half could name an energy source but few knew of any associated environmental issues. Most of the children had a positive attitude towards saving electricity, but did not intend to save energy to a further extent (low intended behaviour) and were not influencing their families to conserve energy (low agency). The children were learning about energy informally from a variety of sources, and acquired their attitudes mostly from talking to their parents. The results highlight the need for energy education for citizenship at school and conversations about energy both there and at home.     

The role of individual and contextual factors in the development of maths skills

In this study, we examined the development of maths skills in 269 Estonian primary school children (119 boys and 150 girls; 20 classes). Testing was carried out over a three‐year period (Grade 1–Grade 3). Before the last testing session, children’s verbal skills and motivational orientations were also tested. In addition, teachers evaluated children’s learning behaviour and provided information about their own teaching methods. The data were analysed using multilevel growth curve modelling. We found that children with higher levels of pre‐maths skills developed at a faster rate. At the individual level, pre‐maths skills and verbal ability were positively associated with maths achievement in Grade 3, and avoidance orientations (self‐reported) and task‐avoidant behaviour (teacher‐reported) were negatively associated with maths achievement in Grade 3. At the classroom level, formalist teaching methods and teacher experience had a positive effect on students’ maths performance.     

The impact of computer-mediated and traditional academic task presentation on the performance and behaviour of children with ADHD

This project aimed to examine whether the use of computers could have a positive impact on the performance of academic tasks and their behaviour whilst completing them of children with ADHD. This small exploratory study therefore investigated the impact of the use of a laptop computer, with and without stimulating animations and features incorporated into task presentation, on Key Stage 2 level science tasks. The effects of these different forms of computer presentation were examined in relation to performance on more traditionally presented, pen and paper, tasks. The results of this study revealed that, in contrast to typically developing children, participants with ADHD produced the greatest number of accurate responses on the more basic computerised tasks (presented as simple Microsoft Word documents) and exhibited significantly more on-task activity on animated computerised tasks. In summary, computerised presentation significantly improved the accuracy of responses and the on-task focus of participants with ADHD. These early findings are encouraging and may have wide reaching practical implications in terms of the design and implementation of educational software aimed at promoting improvements for children with ADHD in terms of both their academic performance and, critically, appropriate on-task focus and behaviour in the classroom.     

Communication between children and carers during mealtimes

Mealtimes are identified as an important learning environment where socialisation and language development takes place. Caregivers can facilitate the structure of a child's learning in the mealtime setting. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding about the nature of communication in a normal population during mealtimes. This is important to help understanding about the nature of communication and interaction in children with disabilities during mealtimes. Participants were six typically developing preschool children aged from 8 months to 3;05 years. Caregivers of the children supported their child having a typical meal at home. Each mother–child dyad was video‐recorded by the researchers during a typical meal for up to 30 minutes. Each recording was transcribed by the researchers, and specific communicative features were counted and coded; caregiver comments about appropriate mealtime behaviour, child verbal and nonverbal initiation, caregiver questions and comments about meal enjoyment, caregiver praise of child, and caregiver repetition to coax feeding. A caregiver questionnaire was also completed to obtain information about the child's feeding, any early history of feeding difficulties and typical mealtime routine. The results indicated that the most considerable difference were between the dyads who had reported early feeding difficulties and those who had not reported any. Carers who supported children who had a history of early feeding difficulties used more language to manage and guide the child's behaviour during the mealtime. Caregivers who reported early feeding difficulties appeared to be more concerned with how their child was presenting at the meal (i.e., appropriate behaviour and meal enjoyment). This information has important implications for supporting children with complex needs during mealtimes.     

THE TESTING OF SPOKEN ENGLISH IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

Ten boys and ten girls in a nursery class, who were matched in age and in nursery experience, were each observed for a complete school day. Every response uttered by and to them was recorded in longhand. Their activities and the time spent on each were noted. The behaviour of the staff and the entire nursery environment were scrutinized. The responses and activities were categorized and analysed in relation to their social class and intellectual and verbal ability. However, no association appeared to exist between the use of certain language forms, such as the question, and certain types of behaviour and any of these dimensions. It was suspected that this was due to the minimal interaction between children and staff, for the same children, in a more structured situation, appeared more ready to use a variety of linguistic forms to explore and to seek to understand their environment. The result would suggest a re‐orientation of aims and a more structured approach to nursery activities, if pre‐school education is to have a beneficial effect on the linguistic and cognitive development of the young child.     

Off with a theme: Emergent curriculum in action

Early childhood teachers can plan developmentally appropriate classrooms through a fusion of thematic and emergent curriculum approaches. Ernie, a preschool teacher/university professor working in a campus laboratory setting, designed and implemented a space theme which was relevant to young children, allowed them many opportunities to demonstrate their knowledge and skills and expand upon them in significant ways, and incorporated a variety of materials and resources. Overall, the use of this theme reflected the initial and emergent interests of both the teachers and children, as they interacted in the social environment.     

不同家庭教育对幼儿个性成长的影响探析

家长要清醒地认识到自身的重要性,为幼儿创设适宜的家庭成长环境,对幼儿展开适合的家庭教育,有效促进幼儿的身心健康成长。要言传身教,创建和谐环境;规范行为,灌输健康理念;爱心渗透,形成良性机制;尊重教育,促进个性成长。     

Psychology,Teachers and the Early Years Psychologie

Psychology is one of the disciplines that provides education with a theoretical basis from which to inform the teaching and learning processes. This article examines square the areas of psychology to which early years teachers are typically introduced

square the implications of these psychological perspectives on classroom practice

square alternative psychological perspectives and their implications for practice in the early years.

The critical question addressed in this article is whether it is possible for early years teachers to achieve an understanding and appreciation of children's behaviour and development without also having insights into their own behaviour and family background? It is argued that teachers must recognise the importance of their own background as a key factor in how they look at children, teaching and events in the classroom; that how they were treated as children has a bearing on the way they too, relate to the children in their care; and that there will be echoes of their own up bringing in the way they face the tasks and challenges of teaching. It is particularly important that these issues are addressed by early years teachers given their potential influence on young children's social and emotional development.     

Constructing CoRes—a Strategy for Building PCK in Pre-service Science Teacher Education

This paper presents findings from an exploratory study into a science teacher education initiative that seeks to build the foundations on which novice teachers can begin developing their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). The initiative involved the use of Content Representations (CoRes), which were originally developed as part of a strategy for exploring and gaining insights into the PCK of expert science teachers. As the student teachers explored existing CoRes the course lecturer saw potential for more effectively developing their PCK through engaging them in constructing their own CoRes for new topics. When given the opportunity, student teachers found the task challenging and their lack of classroom experience and experimentation proved to be a limiting factor. However, the contribution such a task could make to their future PCK development remained a distinct possibility in the lecturer’s view. In the following year she carefully scaffolded the learning prior to CoRe construction such that the student teachers could more readily access relevant knowledge when attempting such a task. Their resultant CoRes and comments indicate that with appropriate and timely scaffolding the process of CoRe construction does have the potential for PCK development for novice teachers.     

Teacher behaviors that foster creativity

The literature on teacher behaviors that influence the development of creative abilities in children was reviewed. A historical overview of the concept of creativity within an educational context served to highlight the importance of the role of the teacher in providing the type of classroom environment that is conductive to creative learning. Teachers who show a humanistic philosophical orientation, have developed their own creative competencies, and implement specific creative methods and techniques in their classroom are more effective in enhancing students' creative abilities than teachers who follow more traditional instructional approaches.     

论高校图书馆信息服务的创新

信息网络技术的迅猛发展给高校图书馆信息服务的发展带来了新的机遇和挑战,高校图书馆只有树立服务创新意识,利用网络环境进一步丰富和完善自己的信息资源,培养一支高水平、高素质的馆员队伍,开展一系列创新服务,才能适应环境的变化,满足读者的信息需求。     

Children as citizens: literacies for social participation

The last decade has seen, in the policy arena, a broad global push for children to be treated as active participants in society rather than as the passive recipients of adult decisions and interventions. The topic of literacy learning and teaching has, however, been absent from much of the policy and literature on children's social participation. This paper is an exploratory foray into possible connections between literacy and citizenship from the perspective of young children and those responsible for their education. Drawing from both sociocultural and semiotic perspectives on literacy, this analysis crosses between institutional texts, ethnographic accounts and children's own representations of their places in the world. A hierarchical model of literacy development, which emphasises the teaching of basic decoding skills in the early years, is associated with a view of young children as future citizens rather than as active social participants. Recognising children's agency, and supporting their meaningful participation, requires literacies of social participation.     

The Chemedian Brings Laughter to the Chemistry Classroom

“The Chemedian and the Crazy Football Match” is a comic strip developed by the authors to bring humour to aspects of the UK primary science curriculum. The comic strip was tested in six English primary school classes (years 3–5; ages 7–10); over 150 children participated in the project, together with six teachers. Children found the comic strip fun to read and engaged with the character. In addition, children were able to provide explanations for the ‘science’ performed by the Chemedian based on their own experience. However, it was notable that children found it hard to project actions the Chemedian would take in other similar situations that were based on the same scientific premises used in the comic strip. Instead, children seemed to draw on either their own preferences for actions or on actions they expected other more generalised comic characters might undertake. From the teacher assessments of class behaviour, it was clear that the comic strip format had engaged children, particularly boys, in what was essentially a reading and discussion based activity. This approach might open up new avenues for cross curricular links between science and literacy.     

试论幼儿教育中的"容错"理念

幼儿生理及心理尚处在发展阶段,其认知和行为具有显著的探索特征。而一些成人之所以常常发现、纠正幼儿这样或那样的“错误”,是因为他们从成人的视角去评判幼儿的认知行为,其结果常常是扼杀了幼儿积极主动的探索精神。鉴于此,在幼儿教育中应该树立容忍孩子犯各式各样“错误”的理念。当然,“容错”并不是放纵,而是在发挥幼儿自身积极主动性的基础上,促进幼儿社会化进程。