The determinants of interstate student migration: a place-to-place analysis

In this paper an empirical test of the factors underlying the student migration decision is made using place-to-place data. The school selection decision is modeled as one involving the choice of particular institutions and its characteristics, as well as those economic and other factors which influence non-student migrants. The results indicate first, that non-resident students may not be as sensitive to tuition levels as may have been believed; second, that the economic climate in the destination state is an important factor in the migration decision; and third, that there are many asymmetries in factors determining migration which cannot be captured without the origin and destination state data. The data allow us to make separate tests for subsamples of male and female student migrants. The results show little difference between these two groups.     

Who is schooled in developing countries? The roles of income,parental schooling,sex, residence and family size

This paper explores schooling determinants in Nicaragua. Results include: (1) schooling is determined simultaneously with number of children, although simultaneous estimates do not indicate sharp ‘quantity-quality’ trade-offs. (2) Rural boys receive less schooling than rural girls, possibly because of higher opportunity costs for boys in agricultural work. (3) Family background is quite important, suggesting limited intergenerational mobility. (4) Income has permanent and transitory effects. However, women's full income does not seem particularly important. (5) Parental schooling partially represents taste and genetic effects. Thus the interpretation of schooling as representing only efficiency is misleading and may lead to important distortions in the allocation of resources and ambiguous private welfare effects.     

Earnings, rates of return to education and the earnings distribution in Pakistan

Utilizing data from a survey of 1000 households in Rawalpindi, this study presents estimates of the rate of return to schooling and differences in these rates of return by schooling level and sector of employment. The major finding reported is that the rate of return to schooling in one of Pakistan's major urban areas is low, both in relation to the rate of return on physical capital and in relation to the rates of return to schooling in other developing countries. These low rates of return appear to be a result of a conscious government policy which drastically compressed the skill-wage structure.     

高等教育创新与高等教育科学研究创新

要推动我国高等教育创新,就必须高度重视并积极推进高等教育科学研究的创新。当前,既要克服高等教育研究脱离高等教育实践的倾向,也要克服高等教育实际工作者远离高等教育科学研究的局面。而加强院校研究是促进高等教育研究与实际有机结合的可行方法。     

The function of response mode in the coordination of perspectives

Visual perspective taking has attracted research interest as a result of Piagetian formulations regarding its ontogenesis. Some investigators have interpreted failure as a consequence of egocentrism while others have hypothesized task variables as the source of failure. The present study directly compared the effects of a picture selection response with a rotational one. Forty 3-year-olds and forty 4-year-olds were compared on the response modes. Half the children indicated perspective inferences by selecting from a set of photographs while the others rotated a replica. Children were tested on three nonegocentric perspectives. The data were analyzed with a 2(age) × 2(response mode) ANOVA. Significant effects were found for response mode and the age × response interaction. It was concluded that while both 3- and 4-year olds were able to demonstrate perspective-taking competence, the 3-year-olds performed better with the turning task; 4-year-olds were equally successful in either mode.     

深刻转变中的我国高等教育(续)

四、开创中国特色社会主义高等教育事业新局面江泽民同志历来非常重视教育和大学,他从建设中国特色社会主义事业的全局出发,对教育和大学在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业,特别是在建设中国先进文化中的历史地位进行过多次精辟的论述。在党的第十五次代表大会上他就指出:“社会主义现代化建设应该有繁荣的经济,也应该有繁荣的文化。”“发展教育和科学,是文化建设的基础工程。”在庆祝北京大学建校一百周年大会上他又进一步指出:“我们的大学应该成为科教兴国的强大生力军。”“为了实现现代化,我国要有若干所具有世界先进水平的一流大学…     

英国高等学校的课程设置及其借鉴意义

战后英国高校的课程设置主要表现出三大趋势，即课程设置的基础化、综合化和选修化。当前，我国高校正在进行教学内容和课程体系的改革，英国高校课程设置的经验，值得我们学习借鉴。     

高校定位与高等教育系统秩序的形成

高校定位是高校对自身发展方向和发展路径的理性选择,高等教育系统秩序的形成是建立在高校定位基础之上的组织化过程。高校分类只是对高等教育系统秩序认识的特例,仅仅用高校分类与自生秩序相结合来建构高校定位机制是不够的。高等教育系统秩序的形成是一个组织化过程,既有人类理性的安排,又有自组织方式。因而,高校定位应该由政府宏观引导、社会广泛参与、高校理性选择三者共同发挥作用。     

Individual differences in memory: Theory,data, and educational implications

This paper examines two theoretical perspectives from which the issue of individual differences in memory can be viewed and relates the perspectives to evidence available in the literature. The paper also reports the results of two studies which bear upon the issue of whether there are individual differences in the retention of learned material. The last section of the paper examines the educational implications of one of the theories presented in the paper.     

The changing landscape of grading systems in US higher education

The following study explores the landscape of grading systems utilised in higher education, focusing on the frequency of different types of assessment scales (including Straight Letter, Plus/Minus, and other alternative policies). Although numerous studies have explored the relationship between university grading system and student behaviour, motivation, and overall perception of education experience, little research has been done to quantitatively analyse the number of colleges and universities that employ a specific grading policy. The present study addresses this gap in scholarship, using a sample of 620 schools from 12 states (and the District of Columbia) in the Northeast region of the USA. Results of the study find significant patterns of difference in the grading procedures across universities.     

New perspectives on an old problem: the position of women academics in British higher education

Women academics in Britain are an elite group among women. Nevertheless, there is abundant evidence that they are disproportionately in lower grades and less secure posts than their male counterparts. These are longstanding inequities which appear to have been met with complacency rather than commitments to bring about change. This paper draws upon feminist theory to outline a range of perspectives which can be used to analyze this situation. Different approaches define the problem differently: it can be located in sex-typed socialization; family-career role conflicts; under-investment in women's education; sex discrimination; or the working of capitalism and patriarchy. The strategies which follow from each approach are discussed and evaluated. Certain features of the British university system may operate to the detriment of women, and there is no network of powerful liberal feminist organizations that can act as a watchdog to safeguard their interests. The unsettled situation of higher education in Britain would seem to make this an inauspicious time to initiate reform, but there are contradictions which might be a basis for feminist action. Socialist and radical feminist frameworks go further than liberal ones in making sense of the entrenched inequalities and resistance to change. Yet there is a case for pursuing liberal feminist strategies, at least in the short run.     

树立现代教育主权理念开放我国高等教育市场

按照现代主权理念，教育主权属于国家“外围主权”，可以部分让渡。让渡部分教育主权，人民群众能够获得更多的受教育权，是对人的发展权的重视和关怀，也是国家尊重人的教育选择权的体现。从历史视角看，中国教育主权虽被侵吞，教会来华办学，但歪打正着，客观上推动了中国高等教育现代化历程，因此，开放高等教育市场，主动吸纳国外高等教育资源，推动我国高等教育发展，是一种理性选择。     

The criteria of effective teaching in a changing higher education context

The criteria of effective teaching in higher education are understood to comprise particular skills and practices applied within particular contexts. Drawing on the literature and using Australia’s understanding of effective teaching, this paper examines the notion of effective teaching. The paper specifically compares dimensions derived from robust research and psychometric processes with the Australian Learning and Teaching Council’s criteria for effective teaching and observes the criteria of effective teaching in higher education to have evolved. While the paper suggests some areas in which future considerations of the notion of effective teaching might usefully focus, it also argues that context is critical and that it is subject to continuous and multiple changes imposed by forces from within and outside universities. The paper maintains that our collective understanding of competent, professional and effective teaching must continually evolve in order that it accurately reflects and continually responds to the contexts in which learning and teaching is undertaken. The paper also calls for an ongoing agenda that continuously investigates and articulates the meaning of effective teaching in a changed, and changing, context.     

The literature of educational psychology and the literature used by writers in educational psychology

Using Psychological Abstracts as the source of the original sample (“first-level”), various characteristics of the literature of educational psychology are compared with the characteristics of a “second-level” literature (defined as the literature that the first level cites). In particular, the scatter (dispersion) of periodical articles over periodical titles is looked at for both levels. The journals most cited within the literature of educational psychology are identified.     

The use of work-based learning pedagogical perspectives to inform flexible practice within higher education

The renewed emphasis on developing flexible learning practices in higher education (HE) underscores the importance of understanding pedagogies for students who are based in the workplace or undertake significant work-related elements of study. This paper draws on research that explores how work-based learning (WBL) pedagogy operates in UK HE using three main perspectives that help to conceptualise the existing range of practice: discipline-centred, learner-centred and employer-centred. Data were collected from 20 academic practitioners with expertise in WBL using qualitative interviews, documents and observations at 14 different institutions from 7 regions in England. The research findings suggest that there are both commonalities and distinctive attributes across the range of practice that influence how academics develop and orient their pedagogy. It is argued that the characteristics and discursive features of these WBL perspectives present pedagogical approaches that could be adapted to inform more flexible mainstream provision.     

What time-series designs may have to offer educational researchers

The promise of time-series designs for educational research and evaluation is reviewed. Ten time-series designs are presented and discussed in the context of threats to internal and external validity. The advantages and disadvantages of various visual and statistical data-analysis techniques are presented. It is argued that time-series research paradigms are useful when researchers (a) wish to involve a single subject in experimental research (individuals as units of analysis) or conduct program-evaluation studies (aggregates as units of analysis), (b) are interested in nearly continuous measurement, (c) cannot meet conventional design and statistical assumptions, or (d) wish to specify individual differences through N = 1 research strategies. It is also suggested that more research endeavors be devoted to combining unique characteristics of time-series research with conventional multi-unit paradigms.