Comparison of heart rate monitoring with indirect calorimetry for energy expenditure evaluation

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare established methods with newly-developed methods for estimating the total energy expenditure (TEE).MethodsThe study subjects comprised 46 individuals, including 16 middle-aged men (mean age 51.4 years), 14 middle-aged women (mean age 49.9 years) and 16 young women (mean age 19.1 years). The TEE was estimated from 24-h heart rate (HR) data using newly-developed software (MoveSense HRAnalyzer 2011a, RC1, Suunto Oy, Vantaa, Finland), and was compared against the TEE determined using doubly labeled water (DLW). Agreement between the two methods was analyzed using Bland and Altman plots.ResultsThe HR method yielded similar TEE values as the DLW method at the group level, with an average of 8.6 kcal/day in the difference in the mean, but with large individual variations. Forty-four (96%) out of 46 subjects fell within ±2SD of the mean difference in TEE comparisons, and there was no tendency towards under- or over-estimation.ConclusionOur results indicate that the current software using HR analysis for the estimation of daily TEE needs further development for use with free-living individuals.     

Accuracy of an infrared LED device to measure heart rate and energy expenditure during rest and exercise

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of the ePulse Personal Fitness Assistant, a forearm-worn device that provides measures of heart rate and estimates energy expenditure. Forty-six participants engaged in 4-minute periods of standing, 2.0 mph walking, 3.5 mph walking, 4.5 mph jogging, and 6.0 mph running. Heart rate and energy expenditure were simultaneously recorded at 60-second intervals using the ePulse, an electrocardiogram (EKG), and indirect calorimetry. The heart rates obtained from the ePulse were highly correlated (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] ≥0.85) with those from the EKG during all conditions. The typical errors progressively increased with increasing exercise intensity but were <5 bpm only during rest and 2.0 mph. Energy expenditure from the ePulse was poorly correlated with indirect calorimetry (ICCs: 0.01-0.36) and the typical errors for energy expenditure ranged from 0.69-2.97 kcal · min(-1), progressively increasing with exercise intensity. These data suggest that the ePulse Personal Fitness Assistant is a valid device for monitoring heart rate at rest and low-intensity exercise, but becomes less accurate as exercise intensity increases. However, it does not appear to be a valid device to estimate energy expenditure during exercise.     

An evaluation of energy expenditure estimation by three activity monitors

Abstract

A comparative evaluation of the ability of activity monitors to predict energy expenditure (EE) is necessary to aid in the investigation of the effect of EE on health. The purpose of this study was to validate and compare the RT3, the SWA and the IDEEA at measuring EE in adults and children. Twenty-six adults and 22 children completed a resting metabolic rate (RMR) test and performed four treadmill activities at 3 km.h^?1, 6 km.h^?1, 6 km.h^?1 at a 10% incline, 9 km.h^?1. EE was assessed throughout the protocol by the RT3, the SWA and the IDEEA. Indirect calorimetry (IC) was used as a criterion measure of EE against which each monitor was compared. Mean bias was assessed by subtracting EE from IC from EE from each monitor for each activity. Limit of agreement plots were used to assess the agreement between each monitor and IC. Limits of agreement for resting EE were narrowest for the RT3 for adults and children. Although the IDEEA displayed the smallest mean bias between measures at 3 km.h^?1, 6 km.h^?1 and 9 km.h^?1 in adults and children, the SWA agreed closest with IC at 6 km.h^?1, 6 km.h^?1 at a 10% incline and 9 km.h^?1. Limits of agreement were closest for the SWA at 9 km.h^?1 in adults representing 42% of the overall mean EE. Although the RT3 provided the best estimate of resting EE in adults and children, the SWA provided the most accurate estimate of EE across a range of physical activity intensities.     

Validity of wearable activity monitors for tracking steps and estimating energy expenditure during a graded maximal treadmill test

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of energy expenditure (EE) estimation and step tracking abilities of six activity monitors (AMs) in relation to indirect calorimetry and hand counted steps and assess the accuracy of the AMs between high and low fit individuals in order to assess the impact of exercise intensity. Fifty participants wore the Basis watch, Fitbit Flex, Polar FT7, Jawbone, Omron pedometer, and Actigraph during a maximal graded treadmill test. Correlations, intra-class correlations, and t-tests determined accuracy and agreement between AMs and criterions. The results indicate that the Omron, Fitbit, and Actigraph were accurate for measuring steps while the Basis and Jawbone significantly underestimated steps. All AMs were significantly correlated with indirect calorimetry, however, no devices showed agreement (p < .05). When comparing low and high fit groups, correlations between AMs and indirect calorimetry improved for the low fit group, suggesting AMs may be better at measuring EE at lower intensity exercise.     

Comparison of total energy expenditure assessed by two devices in controlled and free-living conditions

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of total energy expenditure (TEE) provided by Actiheart^® and Armband^®. Normal-weight adult volunteers wore both devices either for 17 hours in a calorimetric chamber (CC, n = 49) or for 10 days in free-living conditions (FLC) outside the laboratory (n = 41). The two devices and indirect calorimetry or doubly labelled water, respectively, were used to estimate TEE in the CC group and FLC group. In the CC, the relative value of TEE error was not significant (p > 0.05) for Actiheart^® but significantly different from zero for Armband^®, showing TEE underestimation (?4.9%, p < 0.0001). However, the mean absolute values of errors were significantly different between Actiheart^® and Armband^®: 8.6% and 6.7%, respectively (p = 0.05). Armband^® was more accurate for estimating TEE during sleeping, rest, recovery periods and sitting–standing. Actiheart^® provided better estimation during step and walking. In FLC, no significant error in relative value was detected. Nevertheless, Armband^® produced smaller errors in absolute value than Actiheart^® (8.6% vs. 12.8%). The distributions of differences were more scattered around the means, suggesting a higher inter-individual variability in TEE estimated by Actiheart^® than by Armband^®. Our results show that both monitors are appropriate for estimating TEE. Armband^® is more effective than Actiheart^® at the individual level for daily light-intensity activities.     

Heart rate,blood lactate concentration and estimated energy expenditure in a semi-professional rugby league team during a match: a case study

The aim of this study was to examine heart rate, blood lactate concentration and estimated energy expenditure during a competitive rugby league match. Seventeen well-trained rugby league players (age, 23.9 +/- 4.1 years; VO2max, 57.9 +/- 3.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1); height, 1.82 +/- 0.06 m; body mass, 90.2 +/- 9.6 kg; mean +/- s) participated in the study. Heart rate was recorded continuously throughout the match using Polar Vantage NV recordable heart rate monitors. Blood lactate samples (n = 102) were taken before the match, after the warm-up, at random stoppages in play, at half time and immediately after the match. Estimated energy expenditure during the match was calculated from the heart rate-VO2 relationship determined in laboratory tests. The mean team heart rate (n = 15) was not significantly different between halves (167 +/- 9 vs 165 +/- 11 beats x min(-1)). Mean match intensity was 81.1 +/- 5.8% VO2max. Mean match blood lactate concentration was 7.2 +/- 2.5 mmol x l(-1), with concentrations for the first half (8.4 +/- 1.8 mmol x l(-1)) being significantly higher than those for the second half (5.9 +/- 2.5 mmol x l(-1)) (P<0.05). Energy expenditure was approximately 7.9 MJ. These results demonstrate that semi-professional rugby league is a highly aerobic game with a considerable anaerobic component requiring high lactate tolerance. Training programmes should reflect these demands placed on players during competitive match-play.     

Direct and indirect calorimetry of lactate oxidation: implications for whole-body energy expenditure

Whole-body energy expenditure for heavy/severe exercise is currently accounted for by either: (1) anaerobic and oxygen uptake measures during exercise where recovery energy expenditure is omitted; or (2) oxygen uptake during, and an EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption), measure following exercise where substrate level phosphorylation during exercise is considered part of EPOC. Simultaneous direct/indirect calorimetry enabled us to determine if a thermodynamic reversal (i.e. heat consumption) takes place as the highly exothermic pyruvate to lactate reaction proceeds in the opposite direction. Reversibility implies that oxygen uptake (e.g. EPOC) can indeed account for rapid glycolytic ATP production regardless if lactate is formed or not (e.g. 1.2 g glucose catabolism = 20.9 kJ x l O2(-1)). Cultured hybrid cells and mouse cardiac muscle fibres were utilized in simultaneous calorimetry and respirometry experiments where pyruvate or lactate was predominantly oxidized. The calorimetric to respiratory ratio was determined using heat flux (pW x cell(-1)) and oxygen flux (pmol x s(-1) cell(-1)) measures. Ten cell experiments gave calorimetric to respiratory ratios that showed no statistical difference (P= 0.97) whether cells respired predominantly on lactate (-516+/-53 kJ x mol O2(-1)) or pyruvate (- 517+/-89 kJ x mol O2(-1)). In three cardiac preparations, the calorimetric to respiratory ratio was -502+/-15 kJ x mol O2(-1) for lactate and -506+/-47 kJ x mol O2(-1) for pyruvate, again a non-significant difference (P= 0.91). Heat consumption did not occur during lactate oxidation. These results suggest that rapid glycolytic ATP and lactate production, and lactate oxidation, are both independently associated with heat production and thus represent separate and additive components to the measurement of total energy expenditure for exercise and recovery.     

三种游泳教学法教学效果的检测与分析

选取暨南大学选修大学体育游泳课程的大学生游泳初学者30人为研究对象;随机分为3组,分别采用一般游泳教学法、原地式韵律呼吸游泳教学法和移动式韵律呼吸游泳教学法,每组10人,每周上课1次,共9周,游泳能力测试指标为换气次数和游泳距离。测试结果显示,移动式韵律呼吸游泳教学法,对于初学游泳者换气次数与游泳距离的帮助最具显著性,其次为原地式韵律呼吸游泳教学法,一般游泳教学法最差。因此,移动式韵律呼吸游泳教学法可有效地快速提高普通高校大学生游泳初学者的游泳能力。     

Agreement in activity energy expenditure assessed by accelerometer and self-report in adolescents: variation by sex, age, and weight status

The agreement between self-reported and objective estimates of activity energy expenditure was evaluated in adolescents by age, sex, and weight status. Altogether, 403 participants (217 females, 186 males) aged 13-16 years completed a 3-day physical activity diary and wore a GT1M accelerometer on the same days. Partial correlations (controlling for body mass) were used to determine associations between estimated activity energy expenditure (kcal · min(-1)) from the diary and accelerometry. Differences in the magnitude of the correlations were examined using Fisher's r to z transformations. Bland-Altman procedures were used to determine concordance between the self-reported and objective estimates. Partial correlations between assessments of activity energy expenditure (kcal · min(-1)) did not differ significantly by age (13-14 years: r = 0.41; 15-16 years: r = 0.42) or weight status (normal weight: r = 0.42; overweight: r = 0.39). The magnitude of the association was significantly affected by sex (Δr = 0.11; P < 0.05). The agreement was significantly higher in males than in females. The relationship between activity energy expenditure assessed by the objective method and the 3-day diary was moderate (controlling for weight, correlations ranged between 0.33 and 0.44). However, the 3-day diary revealed less agreement in specific group analyses; it markedly underestimated activity energy expenditure in overweight/obese and older adolescents. The assessment of activity energy expenditure is complex and may require a combination of methods.     

遥测心率及其软件的设计及功能

遥测心率及其软件设计是在目前微型计算机普遍使用Windows操作系统平台上建立起来的。可实现运用计算机自动采集心率，分析处理以及运动负荷的自动评估，提高分析评估体育课学生运动负荷的效率。     

三维加速度counts估算不同步速能量消耗应用初探

以间接热测定法为标准,探索counts与能量消耗之间的关系,建立基于三维加速度counts能耗推算方程,寻求不同强度身体运动的counts切点。实验选取115名受试者,佩戴Cortex-3B便携式气体代谢分析仪与ActiGraph GT3X三轴加速度计,分别采用4.8km/h、5.6km/h、6.4km/h、7.2km/h、8.0km/h、8.8km/h步速。结果认为:不同步速下合矢量counts性别间差异不显著;不同步速下体重组别合矢量counts差异无统计学意义;身高、去脂体重与VO2、MET相关性较低,而性别、BMI都在0.2左右水平上显著相关;将BMI与性别引入推算方程,有效提高了counts预测能耗的准确性。     

Time-motion, heart rate, perceptual and motor behaviour demands in small-sides soccer games: effects of pitch size

The aim of this study was to examine physical, physiological, and motor responses and perceived exertion during different soccer drills. In small-sided games, the individual playing area (～ 275 m2, ～ 175 m2, and ～ 75 m2) was varied while the number of players per team was kept constant: 5 vs. 5 plus goalkeepers. Participants were ten male youth soccer players. Each session comprised three small-sided game formats, which lasted 8 min each with a 5-min passive rest period between them. A range of variables was recorded and analysed for the three drills performed over three training sessions: (a) physiological, measured using Polar Team devices; (b) physical, using GPS SPI elite devices; (c) perceived exertion, rated using the CR-10 scale; and (d) motor response, evaluated using an observational tool that was specially designed for this study. Significant differences were observed for most of the variables studied. When the individual playing area was larger, the effective playing time, the physical (total distance covered; distances covered in low-intensity running, medium-intensity running, and high-intensity running; distance covered per minute; maximum speed; work-to-rest ratio; sprint frequency) and physiological workload (percent maximum heart rate; percent mean heart rate; time spent above 90% maximum heart rate), and the rating of perceived exertion were all higher, while certain motor behaviours were observed less frequently (interception, control and dribble, control and shoot, clearance, and putting the ball in play). The results show that the size of the pitch should be taken into account when planning training drills, as it influences the intensity of the task and the motor response of players.     

10-11岁肥胖儿童主要运动减肥手段能量代谢率的研究

目的:通过对单纯性肥胖儿童几种主要运动手段能量代谢率进行研究,了解肥胖儿童主要运动手段的能量消耗率,为儿童运动减肥提供科学依据.方法:按身高标准体重选出30名10-11岁肥胖儿童,用便携式能量代谢仪测定其主要手段的能量代谢率.结果:10～11岁肥胖儿童安静能量代谢率为(1.15±0.29) kcal/m2· min,慢跑为(5.38±0.72)kcal/m2· min,爬行为(6.12±0.874)kcal/m2·min,30b/min斜卧撑为(2.96±0.22)kcal/m2· min,60b/min跳绳为(3.28±0.31) kcal/m2· min,60b/min高抬腿为(2.78±0.35)kcal/m2· min.结论:各项运动手段的该能量代谢率可以为肥胖儿童运动减肥提供科学依据.     

业余男子中长跑运动员心率和血乳酸峰值与高水平运动员的对比研究

以福建师大和福建医科大学的10位男子长跑队员为研究对象,采用试验方法和先进的仪器,分别对业余运动员与高水平运动后不同时间内的血乳水平,以及他们运动后第4min心率进行比较,准确监测运动员的技能状态和训练水平,从而科学的制定训练计划,科学指导训练。     

北京奥运会网络视频传播状况的回顾与分析

2008年北京奥运会,央视网等9家互联网站首次以音视频形式报道奥运会.国际奥委会将中国大陆和澳门地区新媒体转播权独家授予中国中央电视台,被授权的网站要有版权保护的能力,被限定在大陆地区进行合作.授权分为商业性转授权和公益性转授权两类,授权的价格约为2 000～3 000万元人民币.奥运期间获得授权网站的有效网络视频内容信息资源量达到了72 432条,包括3 000 h直播内容及4 000 h点播内容.在频道开设方面,具有开设频道众多,注重品牌频道建设,重视直播、点播,与网民互动等特点.各家网站的人均使用时长都有显著增长,PV总量首破14亿,网络传播受众规模达2.44亿.但用户对网络视频的满意度与电视相比还有一定差距.     

我国城镇居民收支状况与竞技体育的相关分析研究

主要采用文献资料法、数理统计法、逻辑分析法.运用定性和定量相结合的分析手段,对我国各个省市的城镇居民收入、支出情况与十运会各个省市成绩积分进行相关分析研究.结果表明:我国城镇居民在收入和支出的各个指标上普遍与竞技体育有很大的相关性;以十运会成绩为因变量,各收入状况指标与支出状况指标为自变量进行回归模型的构建,经检验模型的拟合度很高,具有很强的实用价值,从而让我们从量上更加明确了经济对竞技体育的影响.这就说明各个省市城镇居民的收入、支出情况都直接或间接的对十运会成绩积分产生深远的影响.