突显观视角下英语记叙文语篇叙事建构的量化分析

根据突显观的认知机制——注意焦点转换,突显认知层次性及突显具有自下而上、自上而下两种过程交互进行的特点,运用SPSS软件通过分析语篇主题层次、命题层次、主位层次上的突显手段从而探讨叙事语篇的构建。结果发现:记叙文语篇主题层次上,多用名词所有格来突显主题;在命题层次上,情状句所占比例很高,且其中完成情状句所占比例很高,研究结果支持完成情状句与非完成情状句以图形/背景的形式推动叙事发展;在主位层次上,参与者主位所占比重很大,得出主位是判断叙事视角的一个重要依据。     

Changing Minds With the Story of Adaptation: Strategies for Teaching Young Children About Natural Selection

Research Findings: Educational guidelines recommend a delayed, piecemeal approach to instruction on adaptation by natural selection. This approach is questionable given suggestions that older students’ pervasive misunderstandings about adaptation are rooted in cognitive biases that develop early. In response to this, Kelemen et al. (2014) recently showed that young children can learn a basic yet comprehensive explanation of adaptation by natural selection from a picture storybook intervention. However, this research was conducted in a laboratory-based setting with children from middle and higher socioeconomic backgrounds. To further explore the intervention’s efficacy, this investigation examined whether Kelemen et al.’s (2014, Experiment 2) findings extend to a more diverse sample of children tested in a more naturalistic setting, namely, after-school programs. After a 10-min picture storybook reading that described adaptation within a fictitious but realistic mammal species, 5- to 6- and 7- to 8-year-old children’s learning of adaptation was examined. Results revealed that younger and older children benefitted from the intervention; however, older children displayed pronounced learning and generalization. Practice or Policy: Findings confirm that children are capable of learning complex biological ideas and that comprehensive storybook interventions are simple but powerful teaching tools. Implications for instruction on natural selection are discussed.     

Children with Down Syndrome Sharing Past Personal Event Narratives with Their Teacher Aides: A Pilot Study

Personal narrative ability is crucial for social–emotional well-being and classroom participation. This study investigated the ability of 10 school-age participants with Down syndrome to share past personal experiences with their teacher aides in their school environment. To participate, children were required to speak in short sentences and be largely intelligible to unfamiliar listeners. Personal narratives were elicited using photo prompts, comprising a set of the child’s own photographs and a standard set of photographs and accompanying verbal prompts, utilising a clinical language sampling protocol. Personal narratives were analysed on quality, syntactic complexity, verbal fluency and intelligibility. Examiner behaviour was evaluated for measures of syntactic complexity, mean turn length in utterances and number of utterances. Results indicated significant difficulties in producing quality personal narratives in both photo conditions. Examiner behaviour was negatively correlated to the participants’ spoken language performance. Clinical implications are highlighted.     

用爱唤醒学生——我的英语教学故事

德国著名教育家第斯多惠在著作《教师规则》中曾说过这样一句话:教学这种艺术,不仅仅是在于本领的传授,还在于对学生的激励、唤醒和鼓舞。古往今来,爱心是唤醒学生最有效的途径之一。从真实的英语教学案例出发,对如何用爱唤醒学生进行分析。     

Teacher Reflection Narratives: A poststructural approach

This study focuses on critical incident analysis in initial teacher education and the part played by the professional learning conversation. A reflection framework was used to identify changes in levels of reflective practice. Conversational skills of the supervising teacher in recognising the ‘person’ in the student teacher, and their management of the student's emotions, appear central to unlocking and increasing critical reflective practice. Dialogues that focused only on training standards, using evidence from practice to ‘sign off’ particular standards, were concerned more with the routines of teaching and less with increased and considered analysis of practice and change.     

Using Total Communication With Young Children With Down Syndrome: A Literature Review and Case Study

This paper presents a literature review regarding language abilities of children with Down syndrome and presents a case study concerning the effectiveness of using Total Communication with a young child with Down syndrome. The prevalence of expressive language delays in children with Down syndrome highlights the need to develop early interventions to promote language development. The existing literature on the usefulness of Total Communication as an intervention method with children and adults with special needs is documented and a rationale for the use of Total Communication with children with Down syndrome is presented. In the case study, a single subject simultaneous treatment design was used which involved introducing 20 words during free play (10 oral and 10 Total Communication), which were matched on phonetic complexity and reinforcement value. Results indicated that comprehension was not differentially affected by the type of communication approach used. However, expressively the child was able to use manual signs many months before any understandable words were produced. The use of manual signs did not inhibit use of speech. The results of this case study suggest that the early use of Total Communication can be an effective transitional mode of communication for at least some children with Down syndrome. Further research is needed to explore individual differences between children with Down syndrome and to identify factors that predict those children who benefit most from the use of Total Communication.     

Using Total Communication With Young Children With Down Syndrome: A Literature Review and Case Study

This paper presents a literature review regarding language abilities of children with Down syndrome and presents a case study concerning the effectiveness of using Total Communication with a young child with Down syndrome. The prevalence of expressive language delays in children with Down syndrome highlights the need to develop early interventions to promote language development. The existing literature on the usefulness of Total Communication as an intervention method with children and adults with special needs is documented and a rationale for the use of Total Communication with children with Down syndrome is presented. In the case study, a single subject simultaneous treatment design was used which involved introducing 20 words during free play (10 oral and 10 Total Communication), which were matched on phonetic complexity and reinforcement value. Results indicated that comprehension was not differentially affected by the type of communication approach used. However, expressively the child was able to use manual signs many months before any understandable words were produced. The use of manual signs did not inhibit use of speech. The results of this case study suggest that the early use of Total Communication can be an effective transitional mode of communication for at least some children with Down syndrome. Further research is needed to explore individual differences between children with Down syndrome and to identify factors that predict those children who benefit most from the use of Total Communication.     

Scaring the Monster Away: What Children Know About Managing Fears of Real and Imaginary Creatures

Children around 4, 5, and 7 years old (N = 48) listened to scenarios depicting a child alone or accompanied by another person (mother, father, friend) who encounters an entity that looks like a real or an imaginary fear‐inducing creature. Participants predicted and explained each protagonist’s fear intensity and suggested coping strategies. Results showed age‐related increases in judgments that different people will experience different intensities of fear in the same situation. With age, children also demonstrated increasing knowledge that people’s minds can both induce and reduce fear, especially in situations involving imaginary creatures. Suggestions of reality affirmation strategies (e.g., reminding oneself of what is real vs. not real) significantly increased with age, whereas positive pretense strategies (e.g., imagining it is a friendly ghost) significantly decreased.     

Teaching Magnetism to Preschool Children: The Effectiveness of Picture Story Reading

As the introduction of natural sciences in early childhood education differs from natural sciences for adults, planning appropriate activities for preschool is a delicate task with various dimensions and parameters. Teaching natural sciences in kindergarten can be a complex procedure which combines exploring and comprehending children’s perceptions, scientific content and the learning environment. Magnetism, which is very attractive subject for young children, is a commonly negotiated topic at the preschool level. In this paper, we present an empirical case study that examines whether the picture story reading method can be beneficial for young children learning about magnetism. Findings underline the importance of drawing on a variety of evidence in assessing young children’s understanding of magnets.     

巴尔加斯·略萨:一个挑战者的史话

秘鲁著名作家、拉美结构现实主义文学的旗手巴尔加斯·略萨 ,对社会、形式和读者提出三重挑战。他认为“文学永远是反抗压迫的武器” ,“作家的天职就是反抗”。他坚持反对帝国主义、殖民主义、封建主义和军事独裁的文学主题 ,向社会提出挑战。他提出“艺术形式的多样化是发展拉美文学的宝贝” ,提出创设“特殊的艺术程序” ,向传统艺术形式提出挑战。他宣布“挑战读者”时代的到来 ,对读者的思维认知结构和阅读欣赏模式提出挑战 ,创立结构现实主义 ,培养与时俱进的创造型读者群     

诗化的《莺莺传》

《莺莺传》的主人公莺莺具有“花影诗魂”般的情致，小说叙事写情含蓄婉曲，语言整齐富有节奏感，情调浪漫，氛围诗意，颇具诗化的特点。     

文学史:文学性的故事

现代性的展开造就了一种形式化的思维方式,这种思维方式在文学史的编写和教学中表现为一种超越了文学性之具体呈现语境的历史理性化的文学史。这种文学史无法将文学性体现在文学史的教学之中。要克服历史理性化的文学史所带来的弊病,就应当提倡一种故事化的文学史,让文学史的教学回到文学性诞生时的语境之中     

诗化的《莺莺传》

<莺莺传>的主人公莺莺具有"花影诗魂"般的情致,小说叙事写情含蓄婉曲,语言整齐富有节奏感,情调浪漫,氛围诗意,颇具诗化的特点.     

Teaching With Televised Stories: A Story-Focused Narrative Preview Supports Learning in Young Children

Researchers examined the effects of previewing on preschoolers’ comprehension of narrative and educational content in a television program. Children (3–5 years, N = 107) watched an educational math episode in one of three conditions: no-preview control, education-focused expository preview, or story-focused narrative preview. A main effect of previewing was found, controlling for age, character familiarity, prior knowledge, and visual attention. Specifically, the narrative preview enhanced both narrative comprehension (including central, incidental, and inferential content) and educational comprehension (including direct learning and transfer), compared to a no-preview control. Conversely, the expository preview had no effect on comprehension. Findings are interpreted with respect to story schema and relevant cognitive theories of learning from media. Implications for educational media production are discussed.     

A Promise Unfulfilled: Social Skills Training With At-Risk and Antisocial Children and Youth

Antisocial behavior exhibited by children and youth has been an issue of concern for societies throughout history. Events of recent years in the United States (e.g., school shootings, increases in criminal adjudication among children and youth, escalation in violent behavior within this age group) have galvanized public concern and raised antisocial behavior among children and youth to a national health care issue. The purpose of this article is to briefly review the social skills training knowledge base and describe social skills training considerations for at-risk and antisocial children and youth at 3 grade levels: (a) preschool and elementary, (b) middle school, and (c) high school. Characteristics of students, composition of model social skills interventions, and, where possible, efficacy data are reviewed and discussed. We conclude the article by discussing recommendations for future research in this area.