Some prior questions in the reform of teacher education

In planning for the reform of teacher education, how much of the existing educational and social structure can be taken for granted? Even if a satisfactory reform of teacher education depends on a large-scale transformation of society, some piecemeal improvements can and should be undertaken immediately. Three predominant perspectives of the process of education and their general implications for teacher education are considered. Finally, some suggestions are made on different types of training for different roles in the practice of education, on the place of theory, and on the balance between cognitive and affective aspects.     

论教师职前实践教学的取向转换

"基于学校"和"基于大学"的传统教师职前实践教学的"理论之应用"取向,包含着理解教育理论与教育实践关系的两种立场:一是实践的典型化;二是理论的实践化。它们在本质上都是将教师职前培养阶段的实践教学与理论学习二元对立起来。自20世纪80年代以来,美英等国教师职前实践教学的改革项目推行"实践中之理论"取向,改变了实践教学的要素构成和实施环境。     

A longitudinal study of the practice fidelity of a site-based school reform

In this study, four years of formal observations of classroom teaching practice were employed to ascertain the practice fidelity of a site-based school reform in a secondary school setting. Those observations were then used as a criterion variable in an examination of differences in the perspectives of administrators, teachers and teaching peers about the reform’s implementation. The results showed sustained levels of practice fidelity and statistically significant differences in the ratings of administrators, teachers and peers although those differences reduced overall as the reform progressed. The perspective of administrators was the best predictor of classroom practice in the first three years of the reform although less so in the latter year when teacher and peer responses became better predictors. The implications of the findings are discussed as they relate to the practice fidelity and evaluation of site-based school reform.     

Primary grade student reports for teacher evaluation

The improvement of teacher evaluation is an important theme in current public school reform efforts. One change, suggested by a number of researchers, is to gather more lines of evidence or perspectives of teacher performance for decision making. Student views, commonly used in higher education, are advocated as one data source about teacher quality. Although it is clear that students of all ages can provide some perspective on teacher performance, substantial questions remain about using the views of young pupils.The purpose of this study was to empirically examine a sample of student reports of teacher performance from kindergarten through second grade. The analysis used procedures developed for student rating forms in higher education. The objective was to advance understanding and practice about effective teacher evaluation, specifically in the use of pupil report data.     

高职珠宝专业英语的教学探索与实践

通过对目前高职珠宝专业英语教学中所存在的问题的分析,对高职珠宝专业英语的教学方式、教师培养及其改革学生成绩的考核方式等方面,进行一些探索与实践。     

论教师实践智慧的现实性形成路径

教师的实践智慧是一种综合素质和系统能力,实践智慧能否在实践中形成,取决于能否在实践中产生有价值的问题,能否积极通过多种途径解决问题,能否在整个过程中自觉使用反思的思维方式进行＂元思考＂。对教师实践智慧的应用研究,将会为我国教师教育的改革和发展开辟新的视角。     

教师课程创生的合理性辩护

“教师课程创生”这一命题意在回答“教师与课程的内在关系”。文章从历史、现实和逻辑三个维度阐释了其合理性。从历史审视,美国新课程改革运动的失败给我们的启示之一就是只有教师作为主体并创造性地参与课程发展,课程改革才能成功地推进。从现实考察,教师的课程创生是我国新课改的重要理念和迫切需要。从逻辑分析,无论是为了弥补国家课程固有的局限性、适应我国教育发展不均衡性和课程实践境域性的特征,还是为了实现学生的个性化发展和促进教师自身的专业成长,都要求教师进行课程创生。     

The teacher leadership process: Attempting change within embedded systems

This embedded case study examines the leadership practices of eleven teacher leaders in three urban schools to identify how these teacher leaders attempt to change the teaching practice of their colleagues while working as professional learning community leaders and as mentors for new teachers. Using a theoretical framework integrating complex systems theory with Kotter’s (Leading change. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1996) eight steps for leading organizational change, we analyze the work and perspectives of individual teacher leaders, and we examine how teams of teacher leaders and principals function collectively in their efforts to lead instructional change. Our findings have implications for schools seeking to utilize teacher leadership as a reform strategy for authentic instructional improvement.     

论教师专业发展的后现代转向

教师发展是世界教育改革与发展的重要课题.近年各种后现代教育理论对教师专业发展提出了新的解读,特别指出:自主发展是教师专业发展的新内涵,叙事研究是教师专业发展研究的新视角,关怀伦理是新时期教师专业发展的新的伦理要求,以及个体知识是教师专业发展的新知识构成,它为教师专业发展带来了新的启示.     

英国教育实习的特点及现实启示

教育实习是教师教育的一个重要环节,是联系理论与实践的纽带,是衡量高师学校教育教学质量的重要标准,也是探索教师教育改革,促进教师专业化发展的有效途径。教育实习的目标、内容、实施形式、管理及考核评估等都直接影响着教师教育的质量。目前,我国的教育实习不断完善,但仍然存在一些问题,英国是世界上教师教育比较发达的国家,探讨和分析英国以中小学为基地的教育实习模式,对我国教育实习的改革和发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

新课程背景下教师教育课程设置的探讨

虽然在基础教育新课程改革的实践过程中,教师培养取得了一定成绩,但目前教师教育课程设置仍然不能满足新课程改革对教师培养的要求。为适应新课程改革对教师提出的新要求,高师教师教育课程设置应不断地变革:一是要确定以教师专业发展为基础的课程标准;二是要立足于区域发展实际,调整课程比例,优化课程内容;三是要面向基础教育改革实际,注重教育实践体验;四是要努力实现教师教育课程与中小学的无缝对接。     

教师专业化发展与教师教育的改革

教师专业化既是国际教师教育改革的基本趋势，也是当前我国教育改革中所面临的一个具有重大理论和实践意义的课题。必须关注教师专业化发展，进行教师教育制度改革，正确处理教师教育改革与教师专业化发展的关系。     

实习教师专业发展深层次问题探析——兼论教师教育课程改革措施

实习教师是学习"做教师"的特殊群体,其专业发展中存在一些深层次问题。导致这些问题的原因有:实习学校教师专业精神的消极影响、实习教师的基础性素养不高、实习期间的有效工作量不足、"经验-模仿"的实习指导模式、实习教师实践时对理论的疏离。为此,需要全面改革职前教师教育课程,以促进实习教师的专业发展。     

The Transition-Reform Dilemma: Kosovo – Emerging Democracy and Resistance Factors at its Faculty of Education

Kosovo emerged from a period of conflict with Serbia only after an extensive NATO bombing campaign against Serbia. While the final political status seems settled with its declaration of independence in 2008, much remains to be determined. Preceding the declaration of independence and following it, Kosovo is an emerging democracy which is actively developing its own distinct institutions. In support of teacher development in Kosovo is the Kosovo Educator Development Program (KEDP) which was to act as the lead agency for teacher training in the region. The KEDP was an $8 million development initiative funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). As the lead agency for teacher training promoted a major reform of preservice teacher training, and in particular the establishment of a new Faculty of Education for the University of Prishtina (UP). By the end of 2004, the consensus was that the new Faculty of Education seemed to be a success but that it was still in a very fragile state. Fragile indeed – the reform process has been seriously challenged as the initial and reformed-minded Dean was replaced in controversial (allegedly illegal) decanal elections which installed a more conservative and anti-reformist Dean and Pro-Deans. Each side has strong views, but what are they? What are the issues of the antagonists and protagonists in this dispute? To answer these questions the authors will discuss the changing context of Kosovo teacher education, and using a reflective narrative as a methodology will frame the perspectives key sources and their views of the reform challenges facing to new Faculty of Education. This is followed by a discussion seeking a greater understanding of these conflicting perspectives.     

Representations of teaching and standards-based reform: are we closing the debate about teacher education?

Since the mid-eighties, national organizations have been working together in an effort to reform schools and, more specifically, to reform teaching. Paralleling the movement toward developing curriculum standards for students, professional standards for teachers have also been developed for the purpose of teacher education program accreditation. The objective of this national coalition is to strengthen the teaching profession and raise its standards—eventually enhancing the quality of student learning—by redesigning teacher licensing and accountability requirements for teacher education programs, and engaging teachers in on-going professional development. In this study we address three specific questions: (1) what representations of teaching and teachers are portrayed in the professional teaching standards, their related policies and assessment? (2) how are standards-based reform policies affecting teacher education programs? (3) what representations or conceptions of teaching and teachers are currently reflected in teacher education programs in the context of this reform? To address these questions two states were selected as test cases. Reform documents, policies and practices, as well as interviews with key participants in the reform (e.g., teacher educators, state-level administrators) are described and analyzed, and constitute the evidential basis for this study. The patterns emerging from the data indicate that teacher educators’ degrees of resistance or cooperation with externally imposed frameworks is influenced by their conception of teaching, education and its purpose. Further, as teacher educators uncritically participate in the standards-based movement it becomes impossible for them to entertain alternative perspectives on teaching and education outside of the framework provided to them by the standards.     

试论中学英语教师继续教育模式规定性的建构

通过阐述中学英语教师继续教育的时代背景，探究处于教育现代化、英语课改和教师专业发展视角下的英语教师角色特征，从而探寻中学英语教师继续教育模式规定性的建构。     

From uniformity to diversification: transformation of teacher education in pursuit of teacher quality in Taiwan from 1949 to 2000

Improving teacher quality through teacher education has become a major focus of education reforms. A 1994 OECD's study shows that distinct aspects of teacher quality are emphasized in various countries over time. Taiwan's transformation of teacher education from 1949 to 2000 demonstrates the change in focus on teacher quality under different economic, political and social contexts. In the past, teacher quality was achieved through training academically able students in a monopolized uniform system. After a major reform in 1994, teacher quality is viewed in broader perspectives and expected to be achieved through a mechanism of open competition. Issues and concerns emerging in this transition highlight a lack of consensus and the need for further studies.     

美国教师教育改革新趋势对中国的启示

美国奥巴马政府执政以来,增加联邦教育经费,招募教师和吸引人才,进一步提高学生学业标准并奖励优秀教师,出台了一系列对美国的教师教育发展产生深刻影响的教育革新计划。美国大学在通识教育、培养模式、教学实习、教师资格等方面的改革举措有:在教师教育课程方面,更加注重多学科知识基础;在培养模式上更加多元化;延长教育实习期,完善实习专业标准;严格教师资格认定标准,建立考试体系。美国教师教育改革的经验和创新措施,对我国的启示主要有以下四点:建立和完善国家教师教育课程标准,强化教师综合素质提升;完善教育实习顶层制度设计,建立国家级教师教育实习基地;健全和完善国家评定标准,把好教师准入关;完善多层级的专业发展模式,建立教师资格证书进阶制。     

Redesigning academic essays to promote teacher reflection on selected issues of learning and teaching related to the current educational reform in Hong Kong

Teachers in Hong Kong have faced constant demand for practice renewal due to successive waves of educational reforms in the past decade. This paper describes the design of an assignment structure that promotes teacher reflection on important issues related to a major education reform in Hong Kong. This particular assignment structure includes three components – self-reflection, understanding alternative perspectives and situated analysis. Teachers are expected to complete these components in a sequence. The design addresses teachers’ teaching experiences, engages them in learning alternative perspectives, and assists them to juxtapose self-reflection and alternative perspectives in analysing commonly encountered teaching situations. An evaluation of teachers’ levels of reflection in these assignments showed that both high- and low-scored teachers improved their reflection. Based on the findings of an interview study, this paper reported a grounded model explaining how this innovative assignment structure promotes reflection. The model situated the reflective assignments within the local teaching context in Hong Kong and highlighted the importance of different forms of assistance and guidance in facilitating teachers’ reflective engagement in completing these cognitively demanding assignments.     

Investigating Teachers' Mathematics Teaching Understanding: A Case for Coordinating Perspectives

This paper provides a microanalysis of one Algebra I teacher's instruction to explore the advantages that are afforded us by coordinating two perspectives to document and account for the teacher's mathematical understandings. We use constructs associated with Stein, Grover and Henningsen's domain of mathematical didactics and Realistic Mathematics Education's instructional design theory to infer what the teacher might understand to effectively implement her instructional goals and, more importantly, support student learning. By coordinating these perspectives, we developed a working framework for analyzing the teacher's classroom practice retrospectively. For example, we illustrate how the mathematical possibilities related to one student's question might inform the teacher's decisions as she initiates shifts in students' self-generated models. Additionally, we illustrate how the teacher's decision to capitalize on particular students' models contributes in part to the kinds of mathematical ideas that can be explored and the connections students can make among those ideas. More generally, we explore the utility of coordinating these two perspectives to understand the landscape of ideas that teachers might traverse to align their practices with reform recommendations in the United States.