Trends in Higher Education Participation in Scotland

Scottish higher education has expanded and diversified in the last two decades. Most notably, compared to the early 1980s, participation in the mid-1990s has risen disproportionately among people aged over 21, people from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, women, and (probably) minority ethnic groups. Students are more likely to move away from their home region on entering undergraduate courses, although they are not much more likely than before to leave Scotland altogether. Although participation from Scotland generally has risen more rapidly than participation from elsewhere in the UK generally, at some Scottish institutions the proportion of undergraduates coming from outside Scotland is growing. The system as a whole is not becoming markedly more part-time, although there has been a rise in the very small proportion of people who are studying for first degrees part-time (as opposed to HNDs etc). The share of higher education taking place in further education colleges has grown sharply, but nearly all of that has been for HNDs etc rather than degrees. The expansion has been driven partly by general social change (including the intergenerational effects of previous educational expansion), partly by special entrance schemes to encourage students from social backgrounds that have not in the past been strongly associated with entering higher education, and partly by government policy. These pressures will continue, and will probably be reinforced by the imminent reform of post-16 assessment and curriculum in Scotland, producing for the educational stage immediately preceding higher education for most students a unified framework embracing both academic and vocational courses.     

论高等教育社会参与及机会均等

教育机会均等是一种教育理想,当前主要解决帮助扶持贫困家庭子女入学问题。要促进社会参与兴办高等教育,并采取多项措施保障贫困生完成大学学业,主要是政府主导,增加供给;“公私合营”,公有民办;双管齐下,信贷助学。     

高等教育治理的社会参与

随着高等教育在经济社会发展中地位的提升,社会参与高等教育治理的广度和深度也随之发生着正向变化,呈现出规律性的特征.扩大高等教育治理的社会参与,对于经济社会发展和国际竞争力提升具有重要基础性作用,对于国家行政管理体制改革和扩大基层民主具有重要基础性作用.促进高等教育治理的社会参与程度,实现高等教育良治,需要政府、社会和高等教育机构共同做出努力.     

Participation In Higher Education: Aspirations,Attainment And Social Background

ABSTRACT

The recent report of the Milburn Review into Social Mobility highlights the under-representation of young people from lower socio-economic groups in higher education and encourages universities and others to act to remedy this situation as a contribution to greater social mobility. The paper uses data from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England to examine the relationship between social background, attainment and university participation. The results show that differences in school-level attainment associated with social background are by far the most important explanation for social background differences in university attendance. However, there remains a small proportion of the participation gap that is not accounted for by attainment. It is also the case that early intentions for higher education participation are highly predictive of actual participation. The results suggest that although there may be some scope for universities to act to improve participation by people from less advantaged backgrounds, a much more important focus of action is on improving the school-level achievement of these students.     

从一流大学到高等教育强国：我国高等教育发展战略的转变

建设高等教育强国标志着我国高等教育发展战略由重点建设到全面发展的转变。建设高等教育强国是我国建设人力资源强国、人才强国和创新型国家的必然要求。建设高等教育强国的目标就是建立一流的现代高等教育体系,重点是促进高等教育的协调发展。     

The Influence of Social Background on Application and Entry to Higher Education in Scotland: a Multi‐Level Analysis

This paper assesses the influence of social background on application and entry to higher education among Scottish school leavers using multi‐level modelling. The context for the study is long‐standing policy interest in widening access to higher education for under‐represented groups. The analysis indicates that those from less advantaged backgrounds are disadvantaged at three stages in the process of entry to higher education: qualification, application and entry. The results support the need for explanations and interventions encompassing both individual and structural levels. Government initiatives aimed at widening access are discussed in light of the findings.     

解析美国协会组织对高等教育治理的参与

民间的协会组织是美国高等教育系统的重要组成部分.本文论述了协会组织参与高等教育治理的各个重要方面并在此基础上分析了协会组织参与治理的诸多优越性以及种种弊端.     

Higher Education Participation in Northern Ireland

Higher education participation in Northern Ireland is higher than England and Wales and second only to Scotland. This paper charts the progress of participation and examines its social characteristics. Uniquely within the UK, approximately one-third of Northern Ireland entrants come from working class backgrounds. Catholic and female participation has also increased significantly but the participation of mature entrants is lower than in the rest of the UK. High participation levels have been achieved, however, by large numbers of entrants leaving to study in Scotland and England. There is a significant undersupply of higher education places in Northern Ireland when compared with either Scotland or Wales. With the costs of higher education being increasingly borne by individual students and their families there is already evidence that more students would prefer to remain in Northern Ireland to study. Increasing pressure on places is driving up A-level entry requirements and many students are forced to leave Northern Ireland to study or not to study in higher education. These developments threaten the advances made by particular social groups. Lifting the MASN cap in Northern Ireland is a significant policy objective.     

地理讲坛：高师地理专业实践教学的有效方式

＂地理讲坛＂在激发学生的专业学习热情,培养学生查阅资料、综合分析和运用文献资料的能力,提高学生发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力以及开阔学生的视野等方面有积极作用,是培养师范类地理专业学生实践技能的有效方式.     

A Probability Matching Approach to Further Education/Higher Education Transition in Scotland

As part of the impetus to increase and widen participation in the UK, and in Scotland in particular, there has been considerable effort put into creating links between Further Education Colleges (FECs) and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). However, because no unique identifier is used to track students between the two sectors, little is known in quantitative terms of the nature of this progression. In this article using substantial datasets, and an approach known as Probability Matching, we are able to provide novel data on the proportions of Scottish domiciled former FEC students within Scottish HEIs, and are able to compare the characteristics of this subset of all students with the whole cohort within HE in a given year, 1999–2000.     

Patterns of Participation in Higher Education in England: A Statistical Summary and Commentary

The purpose of this paper is to identify features of participation in higher education which are distinctive to the situation in England and which have exercised an important influence on the shift to mass forms of higher education in that country. Statistical comparisons are made with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland which indicate considerable variations in the levels, patterns and profiles of participation in each territory. At the same time, some limitations and cautions are voiced about the use of official statistics for this purpose, especially where data collection has been the responsibility of separate departments and different agencies.     

从社会参与视角谈高职素质教育

学生素质与其社会参与之间存在密切的联系,从学生社会参与角度探讨高职素质教育问题,符合高职素质教育的内涵和高职学生的特性,有助于拓展和完善高职素质教育,引导学生切实提升其素质。在指出高职素质教育现实不足的基础上,分析探讨了高职素质教育的内涵和价值取向,梳理社会参与对完善高职素质教育的意义,从社会参与角度提出一些完善高职素质教育的思路与举措。     

Students' Participation in Social Networking Sites: Implications for Social Work Education

Social work students have few guidelines to help them evaluate the implication of their posted information on Internet-based social networking sites (SNSs). There is a national trend among employers of human services to cross-check publicly available online information on applicants. Based on data from a survey of 105 baccalaureate and master's social work students at a Midwestern university, this study explored students' perspectives on problematic information on SNSs. The majority reported that they had posted information on SNSs that they would not want their prospective employers to cross-check. Students offered a wide range of opinions, attitudes, and characteristics that contribute to the assessment of the risks that information they post on SNSs pose for their profession. The purpose of this study is to stimulate a conversation among social work educators on how to inculcate awareness and training of students on the ethical implications of SNS participation and to discuss directions for future research.     

高等教育现代化下社会参与高校治理功能的探究

伴随着高等教育现代化进程的到来,现代高校逐渐从社会的边缘走向社会的中心,其社会服务的功能日益凸显,而社会组织作为提供社会服务的主体力量,其参与高校治理的诉求愈来愈强烈,且发挥着无可替代的作用。我们力图在达到高等教育现代化背景下高校"善治"目标的基础上,依照国内外社会参与高校治理的成功实践,探究社会主动参与高校治理的功能。     

女性参与高等教育:未来收益回报与贫困女大学生现实的矛盾

女性参与高等教育将产生较高的社会和个人经济效益，然而贫困学生的现状却严重地制约了这种收益的获得。本分析了女性参与高等教育未来的经济效益。在对高校贫困女生进行调查后，发现女性获得高回报与现实贫困间存在着矛盾冲突，从而提出了一些有助于解决矛盾的对策。     

Higher Education in the Republic of Ireland: Participation and Performance

This paper describes the expansion and diversification of higher education in the Republic of Ireland and examines some of the principal characteristics of higher education entrants. It is estimated that in 1995, some 43 per cent of the age cohort entered the full-time higher education system in the Republic of Ireland with a further 5 per cent enrolling in UK colleges. While these increasing admission rates have been fuelled by rising completion rates at second level they reflect, primarily, rising transition rates into higher education from those who complete the Leaving Certificate. The greater part of the expansion has taken place in the non-university sector which is characterised by a preponderance of sub-degree programmes, heavily concentrated in the areas of Business Studies, Engineering and Applied Science. A noticeable feature of higher education admissions is the low percentage of older students. The great majority come directly from school with increasingly high levels of attainment in the Leaving Certificate reflecting stiff competition for places, especially in the university sector. While there continues to be large disparities by socioeconomic group in access to higher education, the most recent data point to some reduction in equality. Western counties have consistently had higher third level admission rates with lower rates in eastern counties, including Dublin, and border counties.     

高等教育与社会就业——一种公共政策的分析

高等教育与社会就业的关系极其复杂,一些研究发现了"就业"与"就学"的相互替代、高等教育发展与经济发展的"反周期"、高等教育调节分割的劳动力就业市场供需关系等现象,这些发现已经具有了公共政策的意义。事实上,很多国家在运用高等教育调节社会就业中取得成功。本文研究了高等教育调节社会就业的理论基础和主要经验,提出了我国现阶段运用高等教育作为公共政策工具调节社会就业的四个方面的政策选择。     

高等教育的全球治理:国际组织推动高等教育国际化研究综述

国际组织日益成为高等教育国际化的重要动因,推动其参与高等教育全球治理成为高等教育国际化发展不可或缺的举措。近年来,学界对国际组织与高等教育国际化的研究日益增多,研究从不同视角解读国际组织如何通过高等教育全球治理推动高等教育国际化发展。作为政府间国际组织中最重要的高等教育全球治理枢纽,联合国教科文组织更是引发极大关注。从国际组织高等教育国际化活动、联合国教科文组织及其高等教育国际化活动、高等教育全球治理三个方面对国内外相关研究进行了综述,相关研究虽取得一定成果,但对高等教育全球治理缺乏全面系统的理论探索,关于国际组织高等教育国际化活动的研究更多基于宏观层面,关于我国如何参与国际组织高等教育国际化活动的研究较少。     

Reflection in Higher Education: A Concept Analysis

Despite the widespread adoption of reflective practices across many fields of study, a critical analysis of the concept of reflection and its application within higher education has been lacking. This article provides an examination of several major theoretical approaches to reflection including those of Dewey; Loughran; Mezirow; Seibert and Daudelin; Langer; Boud, Keogh and Walker; and Schön. Commonalties in terminology, definitions, antecedents, context, process, outcomes, and techniques to foster reflection are addressed. The implications of the findings for higher education are explained.