大学体育成绩评定存在的缺陷分析与对策研究

大学体育成绩评定中存在的缺陷有一次性考核、评定方法固定化、考核竞技化等。根据国内外有关信息材料和从事高校体育教学的经验，从多次考核，评定方法曲线化以及构建与大学体育素质教育相适应的测评体系和考试制度等方面提出相应的对策。     

对高校武术课考核标准的研究

详细阐述了高校武术课考核的标准，并将该标准进行了客观化处理，使教师和学生在教与学的过程中有一个比较容易掌握的标准。经实践检验，该标准是可行的，在武术教学中的应用效果较好。     

武术考核采用“三级评定式”模式的设计及实验结果分析

1　体育教学模式的提出体育教学模式是教育理论与实践的中间环节。本文试图通过研究寻求体育教学理论与教学实践的结合点 ,以推动我院的教学改革。在近年的教改中 ,武术教学先后设计了四种模式 ,即攻防实用式、识图体验式、三级评定考核式和讲—视—议理论式。其中“三级评定考核式”教学模式是体现学生在诊断评价、过程评价的基础上实现的最终评价。它与其他三种模式既有联系又有区别。“三级评定考核式”教学模式力求从不同侧面体现现代教学思想 ,并有意识地运用现代化媒体手段 ,对建立与本学科特点相适应的体育教学模式具有普遍意义。2　…     

普通高校健美操教学考核方法探析

通过对本校健美操教学考核方法的实验表明，在健美操教学中运用“比赛形式”的考核方法，可以充分激发学生学习、锻炼的积极性，增强学生学好健美操的信心，培养学生的合作精神，使教学考核真正成为激励学生学习的手段。     

体育教师如何对体育课教学进行有效考核

<正>研讨背景:体育课考核是检查教师的教学效果、教学质量、教学水平等的有效方法,还是促进学生积极、自觉地进行体育锻炼的重要手段。根据统一标准对学生所完成的动作质量高低以及量化成绩的优劣给出一定的分数已不能满足体育课教学改革中学生发展的需要。全面、准确、科学、可操作性的考核与评价不仅能全面反映学生的成绩,而且又能很好地反映学生的身体素质、身心发育和健康状况以及运动技能的掌握,激发学生上好体育课的主动性和能动性。在深化体育课程改革中,广大体育教师应如何对体育课教学进行有效的考核、评价,希望大家各抒己见,谈谈自己的观点和做法,以便相互借鉴、学习,为今后的体育课教学考核、评价提供新的方法,形成切实有效的体育课考核评价体系,进一步提高体育课堂教学质量。研讨话题一:体育课考核的目的、意义是什么?体育课考核的内容、方法有哪些?     

普通高校体育课成绩考核的改革

结合我国普通高校体育教学改革的实际，运用问卷调查法、德尔菲法、系统分析法和数理统计法等，对影响体育课成绩考核质量的制约因素、考核改革的特点和发展趋势进行了探讨。     

考教分离与分阶段考核研究

通过对现行体育考核方式存在的弊端分析，阐述体育考核改革的必要性。从考核的内容、方式及控制几个方面对考教分离与分阶段考核进行了设计。在实施中发现：这种考核方式能提高学生学习积极性，促进师生关系的改善，能调动教师积极性，增加教师危机感和紧迫感等。     

析大学健美操教学的考核与评价

运用文献资料法、问卷调查法和实验研究等方法，对传统的健美操教学考核评价与现行考核评价进行分析比较。结果表明，现行的考核评价方法重视学习过程的有效考核评价，调动了学生的学习积极性，培养了学生自我锻炼的能力，有助于形成终身体育意识，促进学生的创新能力，更有利于提高教学质量和完善教学模式。     

体育考核评价方法改革

体育课的考核方法是能够客观、公正、准确地评价学生学习的结果，并鼓励学生积极主动参与体育教学和课外活动。传统的体育考核方法必须改革，使体育教育在素质教育转变的过程里发挥重要作用；而“标准参照评价”模式的研究与运用则为体育考核的改革提供了新思路。     

普通高校体育课考核方法研究

在总结多年教学经验的基础上,分析目前普通高校体育课考核评价的现状和问题,提出改革考核评价的观念和方法。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.