不同类别学习任务的差异

多重类别学习系统观点的提出和认知神经科学的研究进展使分类研究在过去十年中有了根本性的改变,文章运用多重类别学习系统的观点和认知神经科学的相关研究结果,从构造方式、理论解释和神经心理基础几个方面对类别学习研究中通常采用的四种类别学习任务——基于规则的任务、信息整合任务、原型变式任务和天气预报任务的差异进行了梳理和区分。基于规则的任务依赖于前扣带回,需要工作记忆和执行注意的参与;信息整合任务学习实质上是一种内隐程序学习;“A,非A”原型变式任务诱发视皮层的知觉学习;天气预报任务存在各种不同的接近最佳反应的学习策略。     

多重共振系统的分析方法

根据 KBM方法的思想引入平均法 ,给出了多重共振发生的条件。通过在多重共振关系式及对应的相位中引入相应的调谐参数 ,得到了分析多重共振分岔系统的改进平均法 ,并应用此方法结合奇异性理论研究了四圆盘扭振系统三重共振定常运动分岔问题     

语音类别学习:模型、方法与相关研究

语音类别学习是人类重要的认知机制之一,其能降低认知负荷、加快学习速度,以使人更好适应环境。双系统模型是当前语音类别学习的主要理论模型,它假设语音类别学习存在着相互竞争的两个系统,即外显学习系统和内隐学习系统;语音类别学习的研究主要针对人工语音材料和自然性的普通话材料,采用延迟反馈和及时反馈、丰富反馈和简单反馈、组合式发音和随机混合式发音等方式来探讨语音类别学习外显和内隐系统的特点。已有研究主要探究语音类别学习中工作记忆的作用,普通话分类习得和不同人群的语音类别学习特点,未来研究应注意谨慎借鉴知觉类别学习的研究成果,并可在认知研究、老年人视听问题等方面进一步加强。     

改进ID3算法在管道腐蚀检测系统中的应用研究

ID3算法计算速度较快、容易实现并且适用于处理规模较大的学习问题,但其较倾向于选择取值较多的类别,从而导致丢失全局最优解。提出一种改进的ID3算法,并将其应用于管道腐蚀检测系统中,研究结果表明,改进后的算法具有较高的可信度。     

类别学习与类别表征

在现实条件下,人们可以通过多种类别学习方式学习类别知识,而以往有关类别学习的实验室研究仅局限于对分类学习的研究上,这就导致研究结论并不完全适合其他类别学习方式,所以有必要拓展实验室关于类别学习的研究范围。分类学习与推理学习存在本质差异,二者由于对类别信息的关注点不同,所导致的类别表征也不同,即不同的类别学习方式会导致不同的类别表征。     

在多重对话中走近书籍

多重对话作为一种新的教育理念和教学方法出现在新课标中,惊喜之余本人系统学习、研究了对话及对话教学的相关理论,并在对话教学中实践课改精神。三年来的教育实践证明一点:多重对话教学有利于提高学生的阅读能力,有利于培养他们良好的阅读习惯,能够引领他们走近书籍,热爱书籍。     

基于任意群播系统认证机制的研究

本研究探讨多重接收、任一群播和利用数字签名进行认证的议题,并对多重接收的安全认证系统过程进行改进,同时也发现任一群播通信的认证系统存在系统漏洞,提出一种新的攻击法可以对该系统进行伪造攻击。本研究预期可以构建一个可应用于智能卡及无线射频标签（RFID-tag）认证机制的快速算法。     

基于学习情境的高职生网络学习环境和资源建设研究

情境是对象和背景的信息意义场及其激发的认知者心理意义场的统一体。网络学习的过程是网络学习情境形成,并从内部情境中概括或顿悟出多种水平的心理模型的过程。通过研究高职学生网络学习的现象与存在的问题,结合学习情境理论、学习系统要素(六态)理论、多元智能理论,研究基于学习情境的建设高校标准化学习环境,改进网络学习空间、平台的辅助学习功能和完善网络学习资源的建设等方面的策略。     

婴儿类别学习研究范式简介

婴儿类别学习通常是指0～3岁儿童类别学习,以往有关婴儿类别学习实验研究主要是以非言语加工范式为主,包括视觉偏好任务范式、物体检测任务范式、序列加工任务范式等。文章旨在介绍婴儿类别学习研究的各种实验范式并分析比较各实验范式间的异同。     

教学设计的模块及其代表模式的思量

教学设计主要指向教学活动,关注的是理解和改进教学过程。对教学活动进行预先的策划,是一种教师为达成一定的教学目标,所使用的研究教学系统、教学过程,制定教学计划的系统方法[1]。教学设计把学习理论、教学理论、系统科学和传播学作为理论基础。     

The neuroscience of perceptual categorization in pigeons: A mechanistic hypothesis

We are surrounded by an endless variation of objects. The ability to categorize these objects represents a core cognitive competence of humans and possibly all vertebrates. Research on category learning in nonhuman animals started with the seminal studies of Richard Herrnstein on the category “human” in pigeons. Since then, we have learned that pigeons are able to categorize a large number of stimulus sets, ranging from Cubist paintings to English orthography. Strangely, this prolific field has largely neglected to also study the avian neurobiology of categorization. Here, we present a hypothesis that combines experimental results and theories from categorization research in pigeons with neurobiological insights on visual processing and dopamine-mediated learning in primates. We conclude that in both fields, similar conclusions on the mechanisms of perceptual categorization have been drawn, despite very little cross-reference or communication between these two areas to date. We hypothesize that perceptual categorization is a two-component process in which stimulus features are first rapidly extracted in a feed-forward process, thereby enabling a fast subdivision along multiple category borders. In primates this seems to happen in the inferotemporal cortex, while pigeons may primarily use a cluster of associative visual forebrain areas. The second process rests on dopaminergic error-prediction learning that enables prefrontal areas to connect top down the relevant visual category dimension to the appropriate action dimension.     

委婉语的认知语言学分析

认知语言学是从认知的角度研究语言的学科。范畴化理论是其基础，概念隐喻是范畴化理论的延伸。范畴化理论和概念隐喻可以解释委婉语，加深对委婉语的理解。     

范畴学习中分类学习与推理学习的对比研究

实验室有关范畴学习的研究只局限于对分类的研究上,这就导致在分类研究基础上提出的范畴理论不能适用于其他非分类范畴学习任务。对分类学习与推理学习进行比较,表明不同的范畴学习类型影响范畴表征,所以应当拓展实验室范畴学习的研究范围。     

认知范畴对英文翻译的启示

范畴理论是认知语言学的基础理论。源语范畴和对应的译语范畴都有自己的范畴体系,二者之间并不存在着一一对应的情况。然而范畴的分级为翻译提供了合理的解释,在翻译过程中,无法找到或者不必找到与原文的对应物,可以在译语的其他层级上进行传译。由于翻译是在同一范畴内进行的,因而,原文的核心意义仍然得以保留。     

认知语言学对中学词汇教学的启示

认知语言学是从认知的角度来研究学习者语言学习的一门学科。认知语言学理论对中学英语词汇教学有重要影响，它能使我们纷繁复杂的词汇学习方法具有一定的理据和一定的系统性。     

多媒体学习的认知机制

多媒体学习的认知机制是从两个层面上加以研究的。一个层面是专门的多媒体认知机制理论,包括双重编码理论、多媒体学习模型与新双重编码理论,另一个层面是一般性的认知机制理论,包括工作记忆模型、分布式认知理论、认知负荷理论以及生成学习理论等。这些理论对前一层面的模型起支撑作用,并能指导对多媒体学习的深入研究。但是,多媒体学习的认知机制研究应当是以建构主义学习理论而不是认知主义的学习理论为背景的,应当具有大脑认知神经科学的证据予以支持,应当是关注学习的情境性问题。     

The Significance of the Learning Society for Women and Men with Learning Difficulties

This article draws on work undertaken as part of the Economic and Social Research Council's Learning Society Programme. The project from which data are drawn, entitled 'The Meaning of the Learning Society for Adults with Learning Difficulties', focused on lifelong learning opportunities available to people with learning difficulties and experiences of these services. The article begins by examining theories of late modernity, their use by feminist and disability studies theorists and their relationship to ideas of a learning society. Subsequently, using case study material, it is argued that the identities of people with learning difficulties are not chosen freely from a range of options but are socially ascribed. The status of learning difficulties is used as a dominant category to justify deprivation of basic political and economic rights. In addition, the lives of people with learning difficulties are structured by gender and class, and these intersect with the category of learning difficulties. For both women and men, the advantages of middle-class social and economic capital are overridden by the negative category of learning difficulties. In relation to gender, men with learning difficulties are more likely to receive post-school training, but in inappropriate areas of the labour market. Their domestic needs are also likely to be attended to by others, but in the absence of employment, they find themselves without any valued social role. Women with learning difficulties are also likely to be excluded from the labour market, but are more likely to be involved in reciprocal, albeit limited, social relationships. It is concluded that postmodernist theories are inadequate to describe the structuring of the lives of people with learning difficulties.     

From Theory to Practice: A Cognitive Systems Approach

Theories of learning and teaching have tended in the past to have been derived top‐down, from existing theory. It is increasingly recognised today that such a strategy oversimplifies a complex reality, in which there is a great deal of mutual interaction. One way of handling the situation is to derive contextualised theories, such as phenomenography. Such theories are however part of a more general model based on systems theory, in which all parts of the teaching‐learning context are seen as seeking equilibrium. A “system” may exist at several levels: The student, the classroom, the institution, the community. The task of teacher and of staff developer is to achieve those good teaching practices that are viable within the existing matrix of systems and subsystems. Implications in such areas as improving teaching and assessment, using questionnaires for assessing teaching, training in study skills, and conducting research, are discussed.     

The practice of eclectic instructional design

Eclectic instructional design is the process whereby a designer blends ideas from multiple learning theories to construct a learning experience that works better than a course designed from only one theoretical influence. Eclectic instructional designers are those who do not get hung up or rely consistently on any one theory for their designs. They consider learning theories and their associated methods more as a toolbox than as dogma. With this perspective, they design instruction that works better.     

VAKing out learning styles—why the notion of ‘learning styles’ is unhelpful to teachers

The notion of learning styles, and the multiple intelligence theory from which some of this derives, has come to be one of the dominant themes in the discourse on learning and teaching. This article argues that much of the language associated with this recent educational phenomenon is misleading for teachers. The author argues that instead of drawing attention to how children learn and the tools and processes of learning, learning style theories have led to pupils being labelled as being particular types of learners. The article argues for a more sustained debate on the notion of learning styles that will encourage teachers to interrogate underlying concepts more deeply.