Reconceptualizing Validity for Classroom Assessment

This article explores the shortcomings of conventional validity theory for guiding classroom assessment practice and suggests additional theoretical resources from sociocultural theory and hermeneutics to complement and challenge conventional theory. To illuminate these concerns and possibilities in a concrete context, the author uses her own classroom experience in teaching a qualitative research methods course. The importance of examining cases of assessment practice in context for developing, teaching, and evaluating validity theory is discussed.     

Reconsidering Reliability in Classroom Assessment and Grading

It is argued that classroom assessment evolves from a different set of issues and demands from more traditional measurement concerns and that approaches to reliability developed from traditional concerns are not appropriate for most classroom settings. The assessment and grading issues for high school instruction are examined from the perspective of reliability. An alternative conceptualization of reliability, sufficiency of information, is proposed and explored. This conceptualization is based on the argument that at a rudimentary level, reliability theory is based on the notion of having enough information to make decisions or draw inferences.     

Understanding and Improving Teachers' Classroom Assessment Decision Making: Implications for Theory and Practice

Teacher assessment decision making is described as a process that may be important in developing a measurement theory for classroom assessment. Teacher beliefs and values about what and how to assess often conflict with the pressures of external demands, especially recent high-stakes large-scale testing. With this sense of tension, teachers make assessment decisions that will engage and motivate students and enhance learning. Implications for a measurement theory of classroom assessment, as well as teacher preservice and inservice, are explored. The article suggests that measurement specialists need to adapt technical testing principles to be more relevant to the nature of classroom assessment decision making.     

从“形成性评价”到“学习性评价”：课堂评价理论与实践的新发展

"学习性评价"是在"形成性评价"基础上发展演变而来的、为适应新一轮国际基础教育改革而产生的课堂评价理论及其指导下的课堂评价实践。"学习性评价"的五大核心理念体现了国际基础教育评价理念经历的重大变化。"学习性评价"与"形成性评价"既有密切联系又有显著区别。我国需要从评价制度(如督导)和政策层面上确立"学习性评价"在课程与教学中的地位,积极发挥"学习性评价"对课程与教学改革的促进作用。     

课堂教学评价重在“评学”

课程评价是新课程改革的关键,课堂教学评价是课程评价的重要组成部分,是新课程实施的导航器。在课改“以学生的发展为本”的理念下,课堂教学评价的重点要从传统的“评教”转到“评学”上来,以此促进教师转变观念,改进教学。全文论述了课堂评价重在“评学”的意义,并对怎样“评学”提出了一些见解。     

国外发展性课堂教学评价实施的影响因素研究

发展性课堂评价能更好地促进学生的学习,这一论断已被国际评估专家和教育团体普遍认可。然而在实践中,用发展性课堂评价取代传统的终结性评价并非易事。从国外相关研究来看,教育研究、评价研究、大规模评估、教育政策、教师的职业发展和教师信念是对发展性课堂评价产生影响的六种主要因素。同时,实施发展性课堂评价时还应该考虑时间和教师自主权问题。     

知识观转型中课堂评价知识的三维立体模型建构及其意义

知识观的转型不可避免地促使课堂评价知识在其本质、表征和有效阈这三个维度上发生相应的转变。知识的相似性本质不仅从根本上改变了知识表征和知识有效阈的传统二分,而且也拓宽了课堂评价知识建构的理论视野。从有限度、动态、多层次的知识本质观出发,围绕知识本质、知识表征和知识有效阈来建构课堂评价知识的三维立体模型,能够为有效摆脱目前课堂评价所面临的种种困境提供一种新的可能路标。     

Developing Performance Indicators for Assessing Classroom Teaching Practices and Student Learning

Several states are requiring institutions to document changes in student outcomes. Regional and specialized accrediting agencies are also changing their review criteria from measuring inputs to assessing indicators of student learning. This article describes the results of an evaluation project that sought to develop performance indicators of learning gains for undergraduate engineering students. Specifically, the study investigated the relationship between classroom practices and students' gains in professional competencies. More than 1,250 students from 7 universities participated. Findings show that the instructional practices of Instructor Interaction and Feedback, Collaborative Learning, and Clarity and Organization are significantly and positively associated with gains in students' self-reported gains in problem-solving skills, group skills, and understanding of engineering as an occupation. The indicators meet several conditions recommended by the assessment literature. They are (1) meaningful to the user, (2) reliable and valid, and (3) index observable behaviors rather than subjective impressions.     

情境适应性课堂教学评价

情境适应性课堂教学评价集中体现了现代教育评价理念,克服了当前教学评价存在的去背景化、去时间化、去个性化和去整体化现象,彰显了评价的境遇性与真实性、及时性与连续性、个体性与整体性。根据教学目标、教学内容和迁移类型的不同,教学情境可分为全开放性、半开放性和非开放性教学情境,而不同的教学情境需要不同的评价方式,因此,课堂教学评价也相应地可以分为非开放性、半开放性和全开放性情境适应性评价。     

理解课堂中的形成性评价

形成性评价是一种能促进学生学习的有效策略,本文的核心问题正是如何理解课堂中的形成性评价。为此,本文将首先介绍目前美国教育系统中存在的一些问题,并就此问题提出一个可能的解决方案——形成性评价。在简要的背景回顾和文献综述之后,文章将提出我们建构的形成性评价工作模型。接着,本文将从我们围绕形成性评价设计的教师专业发展项目,以及我们自身的探索出发,讨论形成性评价面临的一些新问题。最后便是根据这些新问题,分析如何进一步理解形成性评价。     

课堂教学评价中需要厘清的几个问题

当前的课堂教学评价,要从“有效课堂”、“幸福课堂”、“生本课堂”、“生命课堂”的高度来确定评价的各项指标,在评教与评学方面应突出评学;在教学与助学方面应侧重助学;在考核与诊断方面应倾向诊断;同时,“一方定论”应让位“多方商讨”;校本化评价应有一席之地：校本教学文化积淀和外来教学文化菁华应有机交融。     

课堂评价标准的人本性确立——从一个区域性课堂教学评价标准中获得的启示

评价标准作为课堂教学的核心元素,始终保持着其不可替代的支配力和导向性。本文通过对一个区域性的课堂教学评价标准解读．指出：课堂评价标准要以学生的学情为立足点、以学生的学为聚焦点、以情感为关注点、以生命状态为终极点,从而落实课堂评价标准的人本性要求。     

Elementary Teachers' Classroom Assessment and Grading Practices

Abstract

The authors investigated the assessment and grading practices of over 900 Grades 3-5 teachers representing urban, suburban, and rural schools. Teachers indicated the extent to which they used various factors to grade students, the types of assessments used, the cognitive level of assessments, and the grades awarded. Teachers appeared to conceptualize 6 major factors when they graded students; they placed the greatest weight on academic performance and academic-enabling behaviors, such as effort and improvement, and much less emphasis on homework, comparisons with other students, grade distributions of other teachers, and borderline cases. The teachers used 3 types of assessments—constructed-response, objective, and teacher-made major examinations; they differentiated between recall and higher level cognitive skills. However, there were few relationships between assessment and grade level, subject matter assessed, and grades awarded. Results are discussed in light of other research, indicating that teachers use a “hodgepodge” of factors when assessing and grading students.     

进行教师课堂教学质量评价的有效途径

进行教师课堂教学质量评价要建立严格、客观、可测的评价指标体系，指标要体现科学性、导向性、可行性的原则，要建立健全评价组织机构，评价工作可调动教师积极性，促进教学研究，提高教学管理水平。     

高校教师课堂教学评价体系设计

课堂教学质量评价是教学质量监控的一项重要内容,也是反映课堂教学质量的主要措施和检测教学质量的较好方法。对教师课堂教学质量进行评价,可以从教学内容、教学方法、教学态度和教学效果四个方面进行。在构建评价指标时,首先应根据教学内容、教学态度、教学方法、教学效果对教学质量的影响程度及评价主体对其的评价能力,分别赋予各评价内容不同的权重;然后针对每个二级评价指标中各三级指标对二级评价指标的影响程度,分别赋予不同的权重;最后根据各评价主体的评价能力,对其评价结果分别赋予一定的权重,这样就可以得出对教师任教课程的最终评价结果。     

课堂教学有效性的评估指标

课堂教学有效性的研究是教改的核心和关键,要确保课堂教学的有效性,不仅仅要注意教学形式的改变,更要强调课堂教学本质的保证。目前,课堂教学三维目标的提出为达到教学的最佳状态指明了方向。同时,教师个体教育品质的提高为教育本质的达成提供了有力的保证。     

Classroom Environment Instruments: Development,Validity and Applications

Few fields of educational research have such a rich diversity of valid, economical and widely-applicable assessment instruments as does the field of learning environments. This article describes nine major questionnaires for assessing student perceptions of classroom psychosocial environment (the Learning Environment Inventory, Classroom Environment Scale, Individualised Classroom Environment Questionnaire, My Class Inventory, College and University Classroom Environment Inventory, Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction, Science Laboratory Environment Inventory, Constructivist Learning Environment Survey and What Is Happening In This Class) and reviews the application of these instruments in 12 lines of past research (focusing on associations between outcomes and environment, evaluating educational innovation, differences between student and teacher perceptions, whether students achieve better in their preferred environment, teachers' use of learning environment perceptions in guiding improvements in classrooms, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, links between different educational environments, cross-national studies, the transition from primary to high school, and incorporating educational environment ideas into school psychology, teacher education and teacher assessment).     

The Classroom Systems Observation Scale: Development of an instrument to assess classrooms using a systems perspective

This study describes the development of the Classroom Systems Observation Scale (CSOS) (Fish & Dane, 1992) and reports initial reliability and validity data. The CSOS assesses preschool through sixth grade classroom functioning from a systems perspective using a theoretical framework based on the Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems (Olson, Russell & Sprenkle, 1989). The CSOS is theoretically derived, has acceptable interobserver agreement, fair to moderate stability, and is comprised of factors consistent with conceptual components. The design of the CSOS represents a theoretical shift by changing the focus of observation from the individual child to the classroom system. The CSOS can be used in research and holds promise for clinical applications.     

The Quality of Local District Assessments Used in Nebraska's School-Based Teacher-Led Assessment and Reporting System (STARS)

A sample of 293 local district assessments used in the Nebraska STARS (School-based Teacher-led Assessment and Reporting System), 147 from 2004 district mathematics assessment portfolios and 146 from 2003 reading assessment portfolios, was scored with a rubric evaluating their quality. Scorers were Nebraska educators with background and training in assessment. Raters reached an agreement criterion during a training session; however, analysis of a set of 30 assessments double-scored during the main scoring session indicated that the math ratings remained reliable during scoring, while the reading ratings did not. Therefore, this article presents results for the 147 mathematics assessments only. The quality of local mathematics assessments used in the Nebraska STARS was good overall. The majority were of high quality on characteristics that go to validity (alignment with standards, clarity to students, appropriateness of content). Professional development for Nebraska teachers is recommended on aspects of assessment related to reliability (sufficiency of information and scoring procedures).     

建构促进教与学的课堂学习评价

课堂教学需要凭借对学生学习过程和结果的评价来判断教学的实际效果,调整教学设计,改进教学实施.目前教师进行课堂学习评价的实践还存在着诸多问题,很多教师没有将学习评价看作教学设计的组成部分,已有的课堂学习评价在评价方式和结果运用等方面尚需提高有效性.针对课堂学习评价的现实问题,结合教学实例,从两个方面提出改进对策：首先,要将符合教育评价基本规律的学习评价整合为教学设计和实施的一个环节.其次,在开展学习评价的情况下,对于评价结果的分析和运用要突出对教学目标和教学内容的追问与澄清.