A Theoretical Framework for Contextual Science Teaching

The contextual approach to teaching is generally recognized as a reasonable and desirable strategy to enhance student learning in science. Using several cognitive and learning theories together with various philosophical considerations, I identify five distinct contexts that are important in engaging learners: the theoretical, practical, social, historical, and affective. Based on these five contexts, I construct a model for teaching and learning, named the Story-Driven Contextual Approach (SDCA), in which the story assumes a major role in engaging the learner affectively. The teacher introduces the SDCA to students by means of a story, encouraging students to engage actively with the five contexts. In the SDCA, students function as novice researchers and the teacher as a research director.     

Children's Developing Mathematics in Collective Practices: A Framework for Analysis

This article presents a cultural-developmental framework for the analysis of children's mathematics in collective practices and illustrates the heuristic value of the framework through the analysis of videotaped episodes drawn from a middle-school classroom. The framework is presented in 2 related parts. The first targets the children's emerging mathematical goals in collective practices, with a particular focus on the complex role that artifacts play in children's emerging goals. The second part focuses on children's developing mathematics that takes form in their goal-directed activities: (a) Microgenetic analyses concern the process whereby children structure cultural forms like artifacts to serve particular functions as they accomplish emerging mathematical goals; (b) sociogenetic analyses concern the spread or travel of mathematical forms and associated functions within a community of individuals; and (c) ontogenetic analyses concern the interplay between the forms that children use and the functions that they serve over the course of children's development. The analyses of the classroom episodes points to the promise (and limitations) of the framework as a method for furthering our understanding of the interplay between social and developmental processes in children's mathematics.     

Defining and Measuring College and Career Readiness: A Validation Framework

This article reviews the intended uses of these college‐ and career‐readiness assessments with the goal of articulating an appropriate validity argument to support such uses. These assessments differ fundamentally from today's state assessments employed for state accountability. Current assessments are used to determine if students have mastered the knowledge and skills articulated in state standards; content standards, performance levels, and student impact often differ across states. College‐ and career‐readiness assessments will be used to determine if students are prepared to succeed in postsecondary education. Do students have a high probability of academic success in college or career‐training programs? As with admissions, placement, and selection tests, the primary interpretations that will be made from test scores concern future performance. Statistical evidence between test scores and performance in postsecondary education will become an important form of evidence. A validation argument should first define the construct (college and career readiness) and then define appropriate criterion measures. This article reviews alternative definitions and measures of college and career readiness and contrasts traditional standard‐setting methods with empirically based approaches to support a validation argument.     

HSK辅导与短期汉语培训

短期汉语培训班时间紧凑，学生精力集中。如果能很好地发挥HSK辅导课的作用，会让短期汉语培训班的学生大有收获，同时也会增加其吸引力，促进其发展。但必须认真对待，协调安排，才能收到预期的效果。     

A 30 Year Perspective On Best Practices for Consultation Training

This article uses the author's 30 years of teaching consultation as a basis for developing suggestions for those providing training in this field. The article addresses questions about what the content of training should be, how consultation training can link theory to practice and how to respond to persistent challenges to training (e.g., freedom versus constraint, multicultural consultation, and when consultation training should be offered within a preservice curriculum for developing school-based consultants). The training suggestions derive from a model of consultation and consultation training that is based in constructivism and seeks to enhance feelings of empowerment and long term implementation of consultation on the part of the trainee. The article proposes a practitioner-researcher model in which practicing consultants view themselves as researchers who collect data and share information about their practice with other school-based consultants. These shared practices are used to inform the knowledge base and are used as a basis for contributing to the scholarly literature. Finally, this article proposes directions for researching the process and outcome of consultation training that cut across all of the issues raised in this article.     

教师教育校本培训与同事互助观课浅论

观课分为三种类型:作为研究方法的观课、作为考评的观课和同事互助观课,其中“同事互助观课”可以作为校本培训的一种机制。同事互助观课有助于培养教师实际解决课程教学问题的能力,提高教学水平,改进教学行为;有利于鼓励教师审视提升自己的经验,整合教育教学中那些“不确定性”的知识,有效解决从理论到实践的转移问题。为提高观课质量和效果,要在观课的态度、目的、内容和观后的讨论技巧等方面进行培训,注意消除教师的观课心理压力,适当引进专业指导。     

原子的对称性语境分析及其意义

原子间存在着多种形式的对称现象,与经典物理学中的部分现象相似。文章借助经典物理学中对称现象,通过上升域语言,扩展操作语言,将保持变换不变性的操作都归纳在对称操作之中,进入并推导原子物理学中的对称现象。然后通过语义分析,详细阐述了原子物理学中对称的内容与句法结构,从而把握其深刻内涵,最后指出语义分析在研究原子物理学中的现实意义。     

Critical Questions and Argument Stratagems: A Framework for Enhancing and Analyzing Students' Reasoning Practices

This article explores the concepts of critical questions (from D. N. Walton, 1996 Walton, D. N. 1996. Argument schemes for presumptive reasoning, Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.  [Google Scholar]) and integrative and refutational argument stratagems as an approach for teaching argumentation and critical thinking. A study was conducted for 6 months in 3 sections of a 7th-grade social studies classroom in which 30 students discussed and wrote about current events. One section served as a comparison group. Over time the experimental group made more arguments that integrated both sides of each issue. Collectively, the experimental group also successfully constructed salient critical questions, particularly in regard to weighing values and designing practical creative solutions. In-depth analysis of 1 student showed how conceptual structures and argument practices improved incrementally over time and how the appropriation of stratagems may have been facilitated by the dialectical nature of the intervention (e.g., using critical questions and stratagems successfully in discourse). The theoretical and practical importance of Walton's dialogue theory, and the critical question approach to argumentation, are discussed.     

The Training of Coaching Skills: an implementation study

In this study, the implementation effects of a programme for the training of coaching skills with Dutch school counsellors are described. These school counsellors are expected to provide help and support to primary school teachers. Coaching is a form of in‐class support intended to provide teachers with feedback on their own functioning and thereby stimulate self‐reflection and self‐analysis in order to improve instructional effectiveness. To assist school counsellors in their attempts to coach teachers, a training programme was designed: ‘The school counsellor as coach.’ A quasi‐experimental, treatment‐control group investigation was then set up to test the effects of this programme. Based on the pre‐ and post‐training ratings of coaching conferences, a significant treatment effect was found for the coaching skills concerned with the development of autonomy (empowerment), feedback, and purposefulness. The pre‐ and post‐training ratings from coached teachers showed no significant treatment effects. This was because the teachers were not accustomed to in‐class assistance and thus rated the coaching skills of the school counsellors quite favourably even at pre‐test.     

The Coaching of Teachers: Results of Five Training Studies

In this study, the results of five training studies evaluating the effects of a coaching program for use in Dutch primary and secondary schools are described. The coaches involved in these studies were: (1) school counsellors, (2) school principals, (3) mentors of beginning teachers, (4) mentors of teachers-in-training and (5) secondary school teachers. Coaching is a form of in-class support to provide (novice) teachers with feedback on their functioning and thereby stimulate the self-reflection and self-analysis needed to improve instructional effectiveness. Based on the pre- and post-training ratings of coaching conferences, a significant treatment effect was found for the coaching skills concerned with the development of autonomy (empowerment), feedback and business-like attitude. The pre- and post-training ratings from the coached teachers themselves showed a significant treatment effect for the coaching skills concerned with the planning of observational data collection. In addition, the teachers coached by trained coaches valued the coaching skills demonstrated significantly more than those teachers coached by untrained coaches. Inspection of the interactions for the adjusted post-test scores revealed different training effects for the five studies.     

Support for the Improvement of Practices through Intensive Coaching (SIPIC): A model of coaching for improving reading instruction and reading achievement

In this study, we examined one model of coaching, Support for the Improvement of Practices through Intensive Coaching (SIPIC), which draws from both direct and responsive models of coaching with classroom teachers. We found the model to be effective in improving the comprehension instruction of teachers and in raising the reading achievement of students, including students who struggle with learning to read. Additionally, we found that the interactions between coaches and teachers were statistical associated with the instructional practices of the teachers, demonstrating empirically that coaches' behaviors do influence the professional practices of teachers.     

中小学教师“国培计划”项目评估的框架

当前,教师培训普遍存在着针对性不强、内容泛化、方式单一、质量评估薄弱等问题,因此,迫切需要对“国培计划”项目开展专业评估。 实施“国培计划”项目评估,需要构建一个基本框架,对“国培计划”项目实施全面系统的评估,从而有力保障“国培计划”项目实施效果,构建教师培训的评估、诊断、改进、提升一体化机制,帮助不同培训主体更新培训理念,创新培训方式,增强培训能力,帮助教师培育反思精神,深层次促进教师专业发展,为提高教育质量奠定核心基础。     

A Coaching Model for Student Affairs Assessment

Emily M. Slager and D'Arcy J. Oaks describe the coaching philosophy that helped the Student Life departments at The Ohio State University excel at the sometimes daunting process of outcomes‐based assessment.     

高校教师教育技术“同伴互助式”校本培训研究

同伴互助是一种新的教师专业发展策略。广东外语艺术职业学院将同伴互助的理论融人教育技术校本培训实践,考虑教师需求,创设“专＋合＋导”的培训方案。通过应用效果调查,这种方式有利于促进教师把教育技术的理念和技术内化为他们的教学行为。     

An Evaluative Framework for Reviewing Fairness Standards and Practices in Educational Tests

One of the substantive changes in the 2014 Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing was the elevation of fairness in testing as a foundational element of practice in addition to validity and reliability. Previous research indicates that testing practices often do not align with professional standards and guidelines. Therefore, to raise awareness of fairness concepts and principles from the 2014 Standards, this study aligned those standards with fairness practices, as documented in test manuals and on websites of 18 intelligence and achievement tests from different test publishers. A content analysis indicated that just under half of the fairness standards are frequently or occasionally practiced and those occurrences differed somewhat across tests but did not differ between intelligence and achievement tests or across publishers. To inform and encourage improvements in the future practice of the fairness standards, an evaluative framework along with example practices and related methodological scholarship is discussed.     

马克思东方社会理论的基本特征及其当代性

马克思的东方社会理论具有以下几点基本特征 :以“历史向世界历史的转变”为宏观背景、以生产力与生产关系矛盾运动的民族性和世界性相互作用的辩证法为主线、立足于“历史环境”的唯物史观分析、立足于历史尺度与价值尺度的辩证统一来分析东方社会。本文分析了这些特征并进一步阐释了马克思东方社会理论的当代性。     

大学英语课堂中语境化教学框架的构建

语言是在语境中产生,在语境中运用的。个体所处的认知环境中各种主客观信息构成认知语境。在课堂教学中,以认知语境为基础,构建由情景语境、文化语境相结合的语境框架,有助于培养学生的认知力,加强学生对词汇语义的理解,增强其元认知知识。     

教育理论杂志种植"思维树"的实践与思考

教育理论杂志种植"思维树",是当前市场竞争中一种比较好的策略,它能使编辑的形象思维、逻辑思维、发展思维交合起来,拓宽思路、理清程序、掌握方法、形成特色,有效地促进全员的主动性、积极性和创造性的发挥,进一步提高杂志的发展地位和自身的综合素质.