L'ÉDUCATION DES MONIALES DU PARACLET AU TEMPS D'HÉLOÏSE

The author investigates the educational motifs in the theoretical work of the poet and theorist Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729‐1781), such as the development of mankind towards perfection, of education towards critical thinking and towards the creation of a man of genius, the search for truth, the priority of action instead of mere reasoning, the enlightenment of all people, the repressing of emotions in moral education, and happiness as the goal of life. These motifs and the educational practice following from them are reconstructed on the background of Lessing's conception of human nature. The criticism of the enlightenment philosophy by postmodern philosophers is briefly touched upon.     

LES MÉCANISMES DE FORMATION DES ÉLITES DE LA MAISON DE SAVOIE. RECRUTEMENT ET SÉLECTION DANS LES ÉCOLES MILITAIRES DU PIÉMONT AU XVIIIE SIÈCLE

From the 1730s to the 1760s, the Piedmontese state was characterized by an absolutist ideology supported by lawyers and administrators of bourgeois origin. They ruled the state and insisted on the primacy of public administration over private institutions. Gradually a rigid system of selection was set up based on talent and skills (excluding the notions of birth or seniority). The military schools, especially the Schools of Artillery established in 1739, played a very peculiar role as social laboratory. In fact, the whole Piedmontese army was affected by this complex phenomenon of social integration implied by meritocracy. This can even be observed within the institutions which were most concerned with rank prerogatives, such as the Royal Academy. So the military reform of 1775 was the result of a process which had been going on for quite some time in the Army.     

INSPIRATION,INSTRUCTION, COMPETENCE? QUESTIONS AUTOUR DE LA SÉLECTION DES PASTEURS RÉFORMÉS AUX PAYS‐BAS,XVIE‐XVIIE SIÈCLES

Ignorance was one of the major blames put upon the medieval clergy by the Protestant Reformation. The new Protestant ministers were supposed to be experts of the Divine Word and had to be able to explain it eloquently. Normally this requisite would have put the theological faculties at the forefront of ecclesiastical policy. But in the Northern Netherlands, the Reformed Church remained cautious, even suspicious, towards a too powerful impact of university training. It refused the monopoly of university examinations for the recruitment to the ministry. The author explains the reasons for this aloofness and shows how it brought about a clear distinction between formal training and individual qualities, the latter being the decisive factor in the admission procedure. This distinction may have contributed to the ideology of merit.     

浅谈DES算法

DES算法即数据加密算法,该算法从初始变换开始,再经16轮迭代运算,最后经逆初始变换而结束.在考虑DES的安全性问题时,算法设计、迭代的数目、密钥长度均是必须重视的.DES存在与补码及密钥选择有关的弱点,也存在设计等方面的弱点.     

浅谈DES算法

DES算法即数据加密算法，该算法从初始变换开始，再经16轮迭代运算，最后经逆初始变换而结束，在考虑DES的安全性问题性，算法设计，迭代的数目，密钥长度均是长度均是必须得视的，DES存在与初码及密钥选择有关的弱点，也存在设计等方面的弱点。     

基于DES的S-DES

DES作为长期使用的加密算法标准被广泛应用于软件加密和硬件加密,研究、分析DES加密算法的原理、特性,对推动现代密码学的发展具有十分重要的意义。本文围绕DES加密算法展开,通过S-DES算法模型,较详尽地阐述了DES加密原理及S-盒的一些特性：S-盒不唯一、S-盒的输入方式不唯一。     

L'ÉDUCATION MUSICALE POUR LA FORMATION D'UNE IDENTITÉ EUROPÉENNE PLURALISTE

This paper presents some of the elements which have been typical of music in different contexts and cultures, and describes an approach to musical phenomena which relates them to the intercultural and interdisciplinary dimension of lifelong education (music considered as a cultural good, an expression form, a field of creativity, an artistic production and an aesthetic experience). From the educational point of view, the aim is to form "multi-musical" individuals. In this framework are set the problem of musical identity and the need to spell out that identity in relation to stereotypes (popular music, classical music, folk music, etc.) and the differing shades of diversity. Particular attention needs to be given to the question of the universals seen in the psychology of music and the configuration of musical phenomena as structures which are organized hierarchically in several dimensions. In short, music in all its forms can help to form a dynamic, pluralist identity in the European context.     

DES的数学特征

本文介绍了分组密码的典型DES算法.并指出了DES算法的数学特征.     

加密算法之DES算法

21世纪是信息时代,信息在社会中的地位越来越重要,已成为社会发展的重要战略资源,信息技术改变着人们的生活和工作方式,与此同时,信息安全也已成为世人关注的社会问题。本文介绍了保证信息安全的一种方法:数据加密标准(即DES),重点阐述单钥密码体制中的分组密码的基本概念、结构和加密算法。     

浅析网络通讯中的DES加密算法

数据加密是网络安全技术中非常重要的问题,本文介绍了分组数据加密算法DES的基本理论,并对其具体实践过程进行了全面详细的阐述.     

DES加密算法分析与实现

加密是为防止数据被查看或修改,并在原本不安全的信道上提供安全的通信信道。对DES加密算法作了简单的介绍,并列举了DES算法的实现算法。最后,针对DES算法存在的安全隐患给予了简单说明,并指出了DES加密算法的使用误区。     

AUX ORIGINES DU SYSTÈME DE MÉRITE. FORMATION,RECRUTEMENT ET SÉLECTION DES OFFICIERS DE CHANCELLERIE DE QUELQUES GRANDES MAGISTRATURES PUBLIQUES ITALIENNES XVIIE‐XVIIIE SIÈCLES

This article is based on research into the procedures of competitive examinations for the enrolment of chancellery assistants in Milan, Venice and Bologna in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The growing success of candidats from the middle classes was the result of attempts to improve the quality of the office administration as well as to reduce the influence of the aristocracy. Quality, however, was only used as a selection criterion in the beginning of the candidates’ career; not when it came to promotion. So merit and political patronage were very closely related in this kind of “mixed system”. They were not only the main characteristics of the new Italian administrative machine, but also conditioned its subsequent development.     

MONTAIGNE : APPROCHE PÉDAGOGIQUE ET/OU LITTÉRAIRE

This essay sets out to place the transition from youth to adulthood, represented as the process whereby, until recently, the majority of young people entered their full‐time wage‐earning lives soon after leaving school, in some kind of modern historical perspective. An attempt is made to look at the changing relationship of adolescent youth to the world of work, as a result of urbanization and industrialization, with reference to variations in the social mechanics of transition between Germany and Britain. “Critical modernization” and “developmental” theories of transition and occupational choice are assessed but social structure, available opportunities and historical change are still seen as crucial determinants. The transitional process, it is concluded, varies markedly in Europe and elsewhere according to family, class, gender, ethnicity and race, factors which are as important today as in past centuries.

     

DES与AES的比较研究

讨论了目前主要的一些数据加密算法、DES算法及高级加密标准(AES)的Rijndael算法。比较了DES、AES对称密码算法,得出AES具有比DES更好的安全性、效率、灵活性的结论。     

DES算法在股票市场的应用

股票被人恶意操纵所产生的后果是不可想象的。股票的保密问题至关重要。本文概述了数据加密标准(DES)在股票保密方面的应用,并对一组股票数据进行加密,实验证明算法有效。     

DES加密实验教学软件的开发

本文涉及的实验教学软件，用生动活泼的多媒体界面，以多个可自由选择的层次，展示了DES加密和解密的全部过程，为在教育改革中，引导学生主动地探索和研究，提供了动手演练的交互环境。文中对DES置换表的订正，以及与软件配套的实验报告书的编制，精致实用，具有一定的参考价值。     

DES加密实验教学软件的开发

本文涉及的实验教学软件,用生动活泼的多媒体界面,以多个可自由选择的层次,展示了DES加密和解密的全部过程,为在教育改革中,引导学生主动地探索和研究,提供了动手演练的交互环境。文中对DES置换表的订正,以及与软件配套的实验报告书的编制,精致实用,具有一定的参考价值。     

DES密码算法分析与改进

DES是我国信息传递领域中通常采用的密码算法,在金卡工程中得到广泛应用。本文分析了DES算法的加密和解密规则,指出了DES算法中存在的缺陷,介绍了加强DES算法安全性的七种改进措施。