Cheating Behaviors among Undergraduate College Students: Results from a Factorial Survey

Using a factorial survey administered to college students at two Universities, this study examines students’ tendencies to engage in academic misconduct. The relation of strain, self-control, and deterrence theories to likelihood of cheating are further explored. The results suggest that increasing the severity of the punishment for cheating does not deter academic misconduct; however, several variables indicating an increased certainty of being caught did decrease the likelihood of cheating behaviors. Only the strain variables that indicated a student had an ill family member or that the student found the course difficult significantly increased academic misconduct. Although self-control did not have a direct effect on cheating it indirectly affected cheating behaviors through students’ perceptions of getting caught and their perception of wrongfulness of the cheating behavior. Policy and future research implications of the findings are further discussed.     

基于计划行为理论的高职学生考试舞弊行为分析

采用分层整群抽样的方法,对杭州下沙高教园区的某高职院校抽取280名在校学生,采用杜金等人根据计划行为理论编制的大学生考试作弊行为意向问卷,进行高职学生考试舞弊行为的调查。调查数据以相关关系和逐步同归分析等数据统计方法进行分析,探讨高职学生考试舞弊行为及其影响因素。     

Cheating in e-exams and paper exams: the perceptions of engineering students and teachers in Norway

Abstract

A concern that has been raised with the transition from pen and paper examinations to electronic examinations is whether this will make cheating easier. This article investigates how teachers and students perceive the differences in ease of cheating during three types of written examination: paper exams, bring your own device e-exams and e-exams using university-owned devices. It also investigates perceptions about the effectiveness of some typical countermeasures towards cheating across these examination types. A mixed-method approach was used, combining questionnaires and interviews with students and teachers in the authors’ own university. A total of 212 students and 162 teachers participated in the questionnaire survey, and then, a more limited number were interviewed to get a deeper understanding of the results. Six-different cheating practices were considered – impersonation, forbidden aids, peeking, peer collaboration, outside assistance and student–staff collusion and seven different countermeasures were considered – proctors, biometry, mingling, shuffling, random drawing, sequencing and broadcasting. Both students and teachers perceived cheating as easier with e-exams, and especially with bring your own device. They also thought some countermeasures would be easier to implement with e-exams.     

大学生性观念调查与分析

通过对中国某大学学生性观念的调查研究,得以较真实地了解当前中国大学生的性观念和性心理现状及特征,为中国大学生性心理健康教育提供依据,以协助学校开展学生工作。采取随机抽样的方式对该校的415名大学生进行不记名的自填式问卷调查,并分析调查结果。调查显示,性别、家乡、年级、父母受教育程度、父母婚姻状况、婚前性行为状况等各方面在一些有关性行为的态度问题上都有显著性的差异。研究认为大学生的性行为问题日益普遍,学校应根据学生性观念和性心理现状所显示出的特征进行有针对性的引导和教育。     

Circumstances surrounding cheating: A questionnaire study of college students

A questionnaire assessing beliefs and behaviors associated with cheating was administered to 365 college students. Circumstances rated most likely to increase cheating were low instructor vigilance, unfair exams, an instructor who does not care about cheating, and dependence of financial support and long-term goals on good grades. Circumstances rated most likely to decrease cheating were high instructor vigilance, fair exams, high punishment for getting caught, essay exams, widely spaced exam seating, and valuable course material. Principal components analyses revealed several factors underlying planned cheating: difficulty/negative consequences of cheating, pressures, instructor personality, social norms, and interest in the course. These factors relate to the determinants of behavior specified by the theory of planned behavior. Self-reports indicated that 83 percent of respondents cheated in college and that the two most common types of cheating were giving (58 percent) and getting (49 percent) exam questions to and from other students before an exam. Acts of helping someone else cheat were more commonly reported than corresponding acts of cheating for oneself. Students with high cheating scores tended to be male rather than female, to have a low goal grade-point average, and to believe that the prevalence of cheating in college is high.Both authors contributed equally to this research.A version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Ontario, August 1993.     

Cheating behavior among students of four Moscow institutes

This paper reports the results of the first survey conducted in Moscow on student cheating behavior in December of 1991. I propose that cheating, like many other forms of deviant behavior, can be explained as rooted in the social structure. I propose a way of combining Merton's structural approach with the learning theory of deviant behavior. Merton's typology of individual adaptation is extended to a case where there is a difference between official and unofficial goals and means. I use the theory of neutralization to understand how students justified cheating in such social conditions. The survey revealed that an overwhelming majority of students cheat, and that students justify cheating by saying that it is the fault of the education system. In addition my results suggest that there was a linkage between the macro structure of Soviet society (including its educational system) and cheating behavior among students. The structure of the Soviet system provided opportunities and motivation to cheat together with the rationale to justify cheating. The changes which were introduced with Perestroika only worsened the situation by blurring the notions of appropriate and deviant behavior in many spheres of life. The implications for the present changes going on in Russia are discussed.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Eastern Sociological Society Meeting (Boston, March 1993). I am grateful for the helpful comments of Jerry A. Jacobs, Ewa Morawska, Harold Bershady and Paul Wolpe.     

Individual assignments and academic dishonesty — Exploring the learning Conundrum

A survey of university business professors¹ focused on their use of individual assignments in courses and their views on cheating and its impact on student learning. Based on responses from 456 professors (37% response rate) from Ontario, Canada. it was concluded that most facult² believe that individual assignments are effective learning tools and that cheating on these assignments is a serious offence. They believe that cheating occurs widely, but continue to use these assessments, with some alterations, to ensure that students obtain learning benefits. The survey findings varied across disciplines and tenure status. A framework is proposed to explain the faculty perspective and the outcomes that professors experience. The adjustments they make to individual assignments are influenced by multiple factors that are internal (university policies and regulations) and external (internet usage) to the university. The discussion centres on the three stakeholders — faculty, students and administration — the need for culture change, and the role of honor codes in controlling cheating and supporting a learning environment.     

美国大学生学术欺骗行为及其对策研究

大学生的学术欺骗行为可分为考试欺骗和书面作业欺骗。美国大学生的学术欺骗行为比较普遍,但建立荣誉准则制度的高校发生学术欺骗的百分比明显偏低。学生们认为,对于不同的欺骗行为应给予不同程度的惩罚。影响美国大学生的学术欺骗行为的因素可以分为学生个体特征因素、态度/信仰因素、行为因素和外部因素等。高校可以采用建立荣誉准则制度、重视学生的参与等对策来减少大学生的学术欺骗行为。     

中等职业学校学生问题行为现状调查与分析

为了解中等职业学校学生问题行为的现状,应用自编问题行为问卷,采用分层随机抽样的方法,调查了668名中职学生,结果发现中职学生问题行为检出率较高。并存在综合性并发性的特点,课堂问题行为是最普遍的问题行为,中职学生问题行为存在显著的性别差异、年级差异、地域差异,与家庭状况存在关联。     

Perceived Norms and Marijuana Use at Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Relatively little is known about the extent of marijuana use and related risk‐taking behavior by college students on historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs). Undergraduate students (N = 212) from an HBCU in the southern region of the United States completed anonymous questionnaires that assessed their marijuana‐related behaviors and perceptions. Logistic regression analysis revealed risk factor profiles that provide college counselors with greater insight into prevention and treatment on HBCU campuses.     

考试作弊处分与学位授予关系的调研与思考——兼谈美国高校对学生作弊的处理方式

针对大学生考试作弊受到处分影响学位授予的现象,对12所"211"高校学士学位授予与考试作弊处分的规定进行了调研,发现部分高校规定考试作弊不授予学位。为进一步了解学生对二者关联的看法,对某一"211"高校的本科生进行问卷调查,通过对调查结果的整理分析,提出"一次作弊后,看其后表现;再次作弊,不授学位"的弹性化的柔性学位管理建议。最后列举了美国高校对作弊学生的防范与处理办法,以期起到借鉴作用。     

初中英语混合式教学交互行为的研究

利用新技术促进英语教学的改革受到越来越多的重视,由信息技术构成的网络学习环境和传统面授学习所组成的混合式英语教学模式,也受到了众多教育研究者的关注。在2010至2011秋季学期,研究者以北京市育才中学(化名)初一十班的四十名学生为研究对象,在结合课堂授课、面授培训、网络学习三种学习形式于一体的混合式英语教学环境中,使用准实验研究的方法,通过课堂观察、访谈、问卷和后台数据等四种方式收集研究数据,对学生的交互行为进行研究,发现学生面授学习和网络学习的交互行为分别由教学活动和学习活动引发,在具体行为的发生频率以及种类上,英语水平不同的学生既存在差异性又具有一定的共性。     

职业院校学生人文素养培育研究

职业院校学生人文素养是素质教育的重要内容。通过实证研究了解职业院校学生人文素养现状,以调查问卷的方法对某校452名职业院校学生进行匿名调查,发现职业院校学生在人文知识的储备、人文精神的塑造、人文行为的践行等方面不容乐观,职业院校学生人文素养的整体水平有待于提高。基于此,从原因分析入手,提出了职业院校学生人文素养培育策略,进一步加强对职业院校学生人文素养的提升。     

大学生考试作弊行为的实证研究——基于西部某高校的调查

基于大学生考试作弊的现实演变,本文运用问卷调查和访谈的方法对西部某高校大学生作弊的现状、成因及行为发生机制进行了相关研究。结果表明:(1)大学生考试作弊具有普遍性,作弊行为已经进入到一些学生的基本价值体系,形成一种"作弊文化";(2)来自城乡的学生,在"对作弊的认识倾向"、"作弊动机"变量上有显著差异;(3)不同性别的学生,在"对作弊的认识倾向"、"作弊动机层面"、"管理制度层面"、"作弊原因"等方面有显著差异;(4)不同年级的学生,在"对作弊的认识和态度"上有显著差异;(5)不同专业的学生,在"作弊动机"变量上有显著差异;(6)作弊方式多样,并带有明显的时代技术特征;(7)学生对作弊的认识和态度有不同的倾向、攀比心理的影响、考试试题的结构与性质、教学管理过程的松懈、考试与评价方面的不合理性、教师监考的松懈等是促成学生作弊的重要因素。作者在指出作弊现状、分析作弊成因及其发生机制的基础上,提出了防止作弊或尽量减少作弊的干预性建议。     

高中生社会责任心与网络不道德行为的关系研究——道德同一性的调节作用

针对湖北省一所中学676名高中生进行问卷调查,以探讨社会责任心与网络不道德行为的关系,以及道德同一性对这一关系的调节作用。结果表明,高中生有较少的网络不道德行为。同时,高中生具有较强的社会责任心和道德同一性。调节效应分析发现,道德同一性的外显维度得分可以调节社会责任心与网络不道德行为的关系。进一步分析表明,道德同一性外显维度高分的高中生身上,社会责任心可以负向预测网络不道德行为。道德同一性外显维度低分的高中生身上,社会责任心不能预测网络不道德行为。     

民族地区高校大学生艾滋病相关知识调查分析

目的:了解民族地区高校大学生对艾滋病相关知识的掌握情况,为探索和推广可行的健康教育和行为干预提供科学依据.方法:采用整群抽样法抽取河池学院一至三年级2 300名在校大学生进行匿名自填问卷调查.结果:被调查的大学生中,对艾滋病的三大传播途径知晓率为79.61%;非传播途径知晓率为82.66%;预防知识知晓率为82.09%;82.66%的学生认为对HIV/AIDs值得同情;8.87%学生有过性行为;83.06%的学生希望通过学校获得系统的相关AIDS知识.结论:学生对艾滋病相关知识了解尚不够全面深入,健康教育亟待加强.     

Assessing changes in medical student attitudes toward non-traditional human sexual behaviors using a confidential audience response system

Medical students encountering patients with unfamiliar, unconventional sexual practices may have attitudes that can affect open communication during sexual history-taking. We measured changes in first-year US medical student attitudes toward 22 non-traditional sexual behaviors before and after exposure to human sexuality instruction. An electronic, hand-held audience response system was used in a lecture hall to sample anonymous student attitudes toward this sensitive topic. Several attitudes were influenced by instruction, as shown by statistical comparisons before and after instruction. Students' attitudes shifted toward patterns favoring treatment for five out of 10 paraphilias that are not harmful of others. Most students favored imprisonment for pederasty before instruction, consistent with lessons about mandatory reporting of child sexual abuse, and this attitude increased non-significantly after instruction. Student attitudes were generally accepting of homosexuality, but were more accepting of female than male homosexuality, both before and after instruction. Implications of these diverse effects of our lecture-based curriculum on attitudes toward non-traditional human sexual behavior are discussed, as well as benefits of audience response systems in anonymously assessing students' attitudes toward sensitive topics.     

Views of cheating among college students and faculty

College students (N = 446) and faculty (N = 97) completed a survey examining views of cheating. Agreement was noted on most situations. When differences were noted, students tended to be stricter than faculty in their evaluations and were more likely than faculty to label a situation as cheating. Opinions and views of cheating were influenced more by behavior, whether “premeditated” or “opportunistic,” than by intention.     

当代大学生性观念与性行为调查——以三明学院为例

为了解大学生的性知识、性观念、性行为状况,结合时代特点,为高校性教育的实施提供依据,结合大学生心理健康教育公共选修课进行无记名问卷调查。调查收回问卷1022份,获有效问卷426份,输入Excel进行统计处理。结果表明,在有感情或准备结婚的情况下,认为男性可以有性行为的占77.95%,认为女性可以有性行为的占71.83%;性知识获得的渠道主要是书报及杂志(73.00%),同伴朋友(67.14%)和网络查寻(41.78%);有异性性交行为的占17.84%,其中男生占29.66%,女生占11.74%,男女生进行比较存在显著差异(χ2=20.93,P<0.001)。同10年前比,大学生的性观念总体表现为更加开放;男生性观念比女生更开放,对性的渴望更强烈;对同性性行为女生比男生表现出更高的认同度。     

基于行为序列的学习行为模式识别与教学干预

课堂环境下的学习行为是学习者进行知识学习的外在表现形式,对学习行为模式的识别有助于教师把握不同学习群体的特征规律,从而设计差异化教学干预方案,以改善学生的学习成效。在文献分析的基础上,文章首先以苏南某地区J中学的初中生为调查对象进行了问卷调查,并基于分析结果对课堂学习行为进行分类与编码;随后,文章采用聚类分析法对不同学习行为进行序列转换分析,并设计了基于课堂表现数据的学习行为模式识别模型;最后,文章采用滞后序列分析法对不同类型学习者的学习行为序列转换进行分析,挖掘了不同类型学习者存在的问题学习行为,在此基础上设计了基于问题学习行为的教学干预机制,以帮助学习者转换学习行为模式,进而提高学习效果。