多媒体学习的认知机制

多媒体学习的认知机制是从两个层面上加以研究的。一个层面是专门的多媒体认知机制理论,包括双重编码理论、多媒体学习模型与新双重编码理论,另一个层面是一般性的认知机制理论,包括工作记忆模型、分布式认知理论、认知负荷理论以及生成学习理论等。这些理论对前一层面的模型起支撑作用,并能指导对多媒体学习的深入研究。但是,多媒体学习的认知机制研究应当是以建构主义学习理论而不是认知主义的学习理论为背景的,应当具有大脑认知神经科学的证据予以支持,应当是关注学习的情境性问题。     

分布式认知研究述评

从个体认知到分布式认知的转变,是人类适应信息社会复杂性的重要思维特征。分布式认知是一个看待认知现象的系统化视角,"分布"不是认知结构的增强,而是认知功能的中介。分布式认知可以作为学习领域、人机交互设计、计算机支持的协作学习、人机协同工作设计的理论基础。认知分布现象是客观的,对分布式认知的背景、分布内涵、个体与人工制品的地位、交互等内容的系统化梳理,有助于把握分布式认知的研究脉络与趋向。目前,对分布式认知在时间、空间、群体、人工制品中的分布形态研究较多,已有成熟的研究案例出现。但是,对于分布式认知的心理结构模型、认知分布的过程性特征、认知任务的分布式表征方式等问题,还有待进一步探索。     

A reply: Media and methods

Media and methods together influence learning. This article illustrates an approach to research that allows us to look at the cognitive mechanisms by which learners interact with instructional designs and use media and methods to construct understanding. It critiques Clark's (1994) replaceability challenge.The project described in this article was performed pursuant to grant number USE-9150617 and grant number RED-9353614 from the National Science Foundation. The opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of the National Science Foundation or SRI International.     

基于元认知理论的学习策略研究

学习策略是学习者在长期的学习过程中选择的适合自己学习风格并能提高学习效率的学习方法。元认知策略对学习者学习策略的选择起指导和调控作用，其目的在于帮助学生提高自主学习能力。元认知策略对学习者学习策略的选择起导向作用，增强学生的学习动机、丰富学生的元认知体验，不仅可以提高学生的独立学习能力，而且在帮助教师提高外语课堂教学效果方面也具有积极的意义。     

元认知策略与英语教学

在高职院校的英语教学中,教师应帮助学生明确学习目的,让学生制订阶段性学习计划,学会监控自己的学习过程和进行自我评价,从而使学生尽快掌握元认知策略,提高学生的英语水平和英语应用能力.     

THE SUNDAY SCHOOL AS AN EDUCATIONAL FORCE IN SOCIAL DUTY

Undergraduate, entry-level theology instruction at Catholic universities is expected to meet a wide range of learning outcomes. This article asserts that courses can and should be designed for learning outcomes not only in the cognitive domain, but in the affective domain as well, which in turn may impact personal choices and faith practices of students. A three-semester scholarship of teaching study involving 175 undergraduate students, using quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews, suggests that students' affective learning and personal choices, including faith practices, can be impacted if certain foundational premises are incorporated into the course.     

论元认知在英语研究性学习中的作用

元认知是关于认知的认知,是人类以自身的认知系统为认知对象,对认知的自我意识和自我调节.本文分析了元认知的结构以及它对英语研究性学习的作用.文章指出,元认知是对学生研究性学习起内部协调控制的心理机制,要促进学生外语学习,对学生进行元认知策略培训十分重要.     

个体认识论观念在自我调节的学习中的价值与作用

认识论观念是指个体关于知识和认知的本质的信念,它在学习者自我调节的学习过程中发挥着重要作用,是确定自我调节的学习任务的认知与情感条件之一,同时也制约着自我调节的学习标准与学习策略,还是元认知的来源之一。反过来,自我调节的学习也能有效地促进个体认识论观念的发展。     

蒙古族学生英语学习能力发展的跨文化研究(英文)

在众多影响英语学习能力的因素中,认知方式、性格特征、语言学能和文化因素尤其容易影响学习者。笔者首先简要论述了认知主义对语言学习以及学习模式的影响,然后针对蒙古族学生的性格特征、语言学能、年龄和文化因素展开讨论,目的是帮助学习者提高学习能力和学习效率。     

基于认知负荷理论的教学媒体设计

首先对认知负荷的概念含义、主要观点和分类做简单扼要的论述。认知负荷理论提出了一些能减少学习者认知负荷,提高学习效率,并对教学媒体设计有指导作用的教学效应:分散注意力效应、双重感官效应、独立交互元素效应、元素交互效应及冗余效应。在阐述这些教学效应的基础上,分别给出它们在教学媒体设计中应用的例子。     

Self‐knowledge and psychological knowledge: Teaching psychology from the cognitive point of view 1

The aims and methods of teaching psychology depend on one's conception of the field. The three principal contemporary approaches are behaviorism, dynamic psychology, and cognitive psychology. Of these three, only cognitive psychology provides a frame of reference in which knowledge can be seen as valuable in its own right, and psychological knowledge as important even for non‐professionals. The three orientations have different implications for the level at which psychology can usefully be taught. A successful course taught in a junior high school illustrates the feasibility of teaching about cognition at this level, where other approaches may have little to offer. The three orientations suggest emphasis on different methods of teaching. Classroom demonstration of perceptual and cognitive phenomena plays a special role in teaching about cognition. It enables the student to discover that what he is learning applies to him, and thus endows it with specific concreteness and personal relevance.     

词汇认知模块探索

文章探讨了大学英语教学中词汇教学改革的模式:词汇认知模块。作者首先介绍了现代语言学的发展使人们对词汇学习有了新的认识:认知能力与词汇技能的掌握存在着密切的关系;然后从认知语言学的意义观和原型和基本范畴论中找到支持词汇模块式教学的理论依据,并认为以模块的形式进行词汇教学符合人们学习过程的认知规律;最后就现行教材中词汇模块的设计和词汇练习的设计提出假设,其目的是通过激活学生想象力和推理机制以帮助学生扩大词汇量。     

社会语言学中变异的意义研究的重要性

传统的社会语言学仅关注社会因素对语言变异的影响,忽略了人的主观即认知对语言变异的作用.社会因素并不直接作用于语言加工,而是首先进入语言使用者的认知,才能与语言发生联系.因此,社会语言学只有融合语言的认知研究——变异的意义研究才能弥补社会语言学对语言变异研究的不足,认知社会语言学的出现注定社会语言学的认知转向必将成为21世纪社会语言学研究的新趋势.     

学习型网站的可用性现状及对策研究

可用性是指用户对产品使用的有效、易学、高效、好记、少错和令人满意的程度。调查表明,学习型网站的可用性偏低。通过减少学习者认知负荷、降低记忆负荷、组织感知元素、帮助学习者构建认知地图、提升学习者认知策略水平、优化网站的学习设计策略,可有效提高学习型网站可用性。     

Team Shared Cognitive Constructs: A Meta‐Analysis Exploring the Effects of Shared Cognitive Constructs on Team Performance

Sharing similar cognitive structures among team members is one key element for the collective to solve problems and work more efficiently (DeChurch & Mesmer‐Magnus, 2010). Research has shown that team cognition is positively associated with team performance in both organizational and educational settings. Team shared cognition constructs are relatively new constructs and have been identified in the literature as team mental models, shared mental models, information sharing, transactive memory systems, cognitive congruence, and group learning. Cannon‐Bowers and Salas (2001) called for better measures of shared cognition to be developed, partially through the integration of shared cognition measures across disciplines. The purpose of this meta‐analysis is to look at these six team cognition constructs in an effort to help identify which measure, if any, results in predicting team performance best. Results indicated that information sharing was statistically significant compared to team mental memory and group learning, and marginally significant compared to transactive memory systems. Additionally, shared mental models and cognitive congruence showed higher associations with performance compared to team mental models, group learning, and transactive memory systems.     

学习的认知——情感系统

在一定的情境下,综合考虑学习的认知和情感因素代表着学习研究的新进展。认知因素和情感因素的综合考虑使得传统的学习研究开始考虑情感对认知的指导和动力作用,重视两者之间的交互作用。外部的行为与内部的认知过程相结合,内部的认知过程与内部的情感导向相结合。学习研究进入到一个从外到内,内部更加细化的阶段。     

在线协作交互文本编码体系的设计与应用——基于情绪交互视角的研究

情绪交互是影响在线协作学习认知、行为和态度的关键因素之一,然而如何分析其效果目前研究者还没有形成统一的认识。研究基于探究社区模型,根据情绪存在相关研究理论,将情绪交互划分为情绪回应、情绪评价和情绪表达三个类别,并结合认知存在、社会存在和教学存在的特点建构了在线协作交互文本编码体系。为了验证该编码体系的有效性,研究以此为分析框架,使用NVIVO和SPSS软件,对相关案例进行内容分析和统计分析。经初步证实发现,该编码体系能全面分析在线协作交互效果,尤其是情绪交互成效,且可操作性强;情绪交互与认知交互、社会交互和教学交互之间相互联系与支持,但认知交互发展不均衡;情绪交互可以有效维持和调节认知交互过程,但缺乏促进高层次认知交互的活动。鉴于此,研究提出了相关建议,以促进认知交互深度和协作学习成效。     

Applying the Science of Learning to the Learning of Science: Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Science teaching and learning require knowledge about how learning takes place (cognition) and how learners interact with their surroundings (affective and sociocultural factors). The study reported on focussed on learning for understanding of Newton’s second law of motion from a cognitive perspective that takes social factors into account. A cognitive refinement instructional approach (CRIA) was used to organise and sequence learning activities, while students were engaged through inquiry and group work. Students’ real-life experiences were used as starting point of the learning sequence. The efficiency of the sequence was determined with the aid of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) and complemented with the students’ reflections on the sequence, showing their epistemological preferences. The results indicated that a CRIA aided in constructing more coherent scientific knowledge and enhanced understanding, while reducing misconceptions on the topic. In their reflections, the students acknowledged that experiential and experimental evidence, as well as guided formation of a scientific explanatory framework, are foundational for a deeper understanding of the challenging topic.     

认知诊断技术在学科学业评价中的应用——以初中一年级“有理数及其运算”为例

当前,中小学学业评价中以考试总分为结果报告的主要方式,这虽然可以判断学生在特定团体中所处的位置以及学生总体上的学习情况,但是却不能明确地指出学生的认知优势或劣势,不能有效地提供“学生掌握了或未掌握什么知识、技能”等信息,也不能有效地让教师因材施教、实现针对性教学。基于这一情况,本研究将教育测量中的前沿技术——认知诊断应用于学业成就评价,以初中一年级数学“有理数及其运算”为例,介绍了认知诊断技术在数学学业评价中的应用过程,为教师改进教学、促进学生发展提供有效支持。     

Will media influence learning? Reframing the debate

This article addresses the position taken by Clark (1983) that media do not influence learning under any conditions. The article reframes the questions raised by Clark to explore the conditions under which media will influence learning. Specifically, it posits the need to consider the capabilities of media, and the methods that employ them, as they interact with the cognitive and social processes by which knowledge is constructed. This approach is examined within the context of two major media-based projects, one which uses computers and the other, video. The article discusses the implications of this approach for media theory, research and practice.