美国游戏取向课程模式的特点及其演变

经过三次基础教育改革,美国基本形成了比较完整的游戏取向课程模式。回顾美国游戏取向课程模式的发展轨迹,我们发现,游戏取向课程模式经历了非游戏课程模式、非干预性游戏课程模式、干预性游戏课程模式三个重要的发展时期。游戏取向课程模式的演变体现了游戏与课程关系的变化、对游戏功能与课程价值认识的变化及教师在游戏中作用的变化。这种发展趋势充分表明：课程需要游戏,游戏需要干预,干预时要尊重儿童。     

国外自闭症儿童游戏及游戏干预研究进展

国外关于自闭症儿童的游戏水平、游戏行为等方面的研究表明,自闭症儿童的游戏呈现水平低,象征性游戏少的特点,但自闭症儿童现有的游戏水平也可以为干预提供契机。自闭症儿童的游戏干预有两种取向:一是以应用行为分析、关键反应训练等为代表的行为主义取向游戏干预;二是以基于发展、个别差异和人际关系的模式、整合性游戏团体等为代表的发展取向的游戏干预。研究者在分析国外已有研究的基础上,进一步讨论了游戏干预中游戏的目的和作用、治疗关系的重要性及游戏干预的取向等问题。     

传承与超越:从教学游戏化到课程游戏化

使幼儿从事的活动游戏化,是顺应幼儿喜好游戏之天性的必然要求,能够给幼儿带来浸润放松性警觉感的情境体验,并为幼儿创建最近发展区,激活其经验联结。所谓教学游戏化,就是"化"教学为游戏,是陈鹤琴提出的幼稚教育的原则之一,与杜威的"做中学"教育思想相呼应,是中国幼儿教育的本土化创举。课程游戏化既是对教学游戏化的传承,也是对教学游戏化的超越。实施课程游戏化就是要保证幼儿有充足的游戏活动时间,保障幼儿的游戏权利;就是要赋予幼儿园一日活动以游戏的性质,让幼儿感受到心智的自由,产生丰富的"游戏性"体验;就是要聚焦幼儿生活,帮助幼儿在生活化、游戏化的活动情景中逐步养成良好的学习品质。课程游戏化的持续推进,既需要政府的规范引导与幼儿园的努力实践,也需要家园加强合作,共同建构和谐共育的社会生态。     

Consensus or dissensus? Stakeholders’ views on the role of play in learning

Across cultures and eras, children have engaged in play as part of the process of growing and maturing into adulthood. Play has been recognized as an effective form of pedagogy to promote learning in the early years. However, beliefs about what play is and how it should be practiced vary across Hong Kong and in other countries. Because Chinese culture places a heavy emphasis on academic achievement, a play-based curriculum has not been widely implemented in the region. Through classroom observations and interviews with key stakeholders in early childhood education, namely parents, teachers, and principals, this study reveals the complexity of views on this matter and uncovers the root cause of the difficulties in supporting play in the Hong Kong kindergartens. These findings may help promote the play-based curriculum in Hong Kong and other countries where play is in crisis.     

审美游戏与中学课程教学

审美游戏是人类特有的一种融创造性、娱乐性和教育性为一体的活动,由于学校教育和审美游戏在本质上具有同一性,因而在实践活动中可以将二者有机地结合起来。以中学课程教学为例:语文和哲学是关于语言和解释的游戏,音乐和数学是关于符号和序列的游戏,美术和历史是关于时间和变化的游戏,地理和物理是关于空间和运动的游戏,生物和化学是关于模拟与复制的游戏。搞好课程教学的关键在于充分发掘身体、器物和符号这三者之间的内在联系并不断地促使其相互转化。     

From policy to practice?: the reality of play in primary school classes in Northern Ireland

As more countries align their curricular frameworks with play-based and experiential pedagogies, this paper provides a critical insight into the benefits and challenges that arise in practice when a play-based approach to learning and teaching becomes a political directive in Northern Ireland primary schools. Drawing on socio-constructivist and post-structural thinking, the messages from Foundation Stage teachers and the learning experiences provided are unravelled through the researchers' interpretive lens, exposing for critique two key discourses about the relationship between play as policy and practice – namely play as learning and play as pedagogy. Although this study may have raised more questions than answers about the debate, the authors conclude, in so doing, it has facilitated an original troubling of the established discourse and added to the knowledge base about the politicisation of play as practice in the early years of primary schooling.     

课程理念与教师教学

课程理念是人们对课程的理性认识以及在此基础上所形成的对课程的认同和追求,它直接影响着教师的教学。从某种意义上说,教师教学就是课程的实施,而怎样实施课程、实施效果如何在很大程度上又取决于教师持有的课程理念。从课程理念与教师教学的相关性来看,课程即“文本内容与教师意识”、“教学情境与教学互动”、“价值追求与行为导向”。     

Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms

Playful structure is a new pedagogic image representing a more balanced and integrated perspective on early years pedagogy, aiming to blend apparent dichotomies and contradictions and to sustain and evolve play-based practice beyond Year 1. Playful structure invites teachers and children to initiate and maintain a degree of playfulness in the child’s whole learning experience, even when the learning intentions demand a supportive structure. Thus, playfulness becomes characteristic of the interaction between adult and the child and not just characteristic of child-initiated versus adult-initiated activities, or of play-time versus task-time. The paper is based on intensive observations and interviews with teachers in Northern Ireland who participated in a play-based and informal curriculum. This paper explains how playful structure rests on complementary processes of infusion of structure into play-based activities and infusion of playfulness into more structured activities, illustrated by cameos. ‘Infusion’ suggests the subtle blending process that allows apparent dichotomies and contradictions to be resolved in practice.     

新课程实施中初中教师最需要什么

新课程改革给初中教师提出了新的挑战,新课程实施中教师教学适应性问题,成为当前初中教师面临的急待解决的问题。本文通过问卷和访谈的方法,对广州市部分初中学校的教师进行调查研究,了解当前初中教师适应新课程的情况,并提出一些增进初中教师对新课程教学适应性的建议措施。     

教师教育类课程课堂教学目标的设计与表述——基于卓越教师培养的视角

卓越教师是指具有优秀专业素质和教学能力的教师。教师教育类课程肩负着培养教师教育素养和教学能力的重任,其课堂教学目标的设计要以"育人为本""实践取向""终身学习"为指导思想,要体现出整体性、层次性、适切性和可操作性;其课堂教学目标在表述取向上,要突显出行为目标、生成性目标和表现性目标的有机整合。规范化的表述,就其行为目标来说主要有四要素法和内外结合法;就其表现性目标来说,其表述不拘一格,常用体验性和过程性的行为动词来表达。教师教育类课程教师要立足《教师教育课程标准(试行)》,追求更高的目标要求,做好示范,起好引领作用,确保实效。     

Play – a multi-modal manifestation in kindergarten education in China

Play, as an educational concept, has entered many kindergartens in China; yet it has not become a core idea, or been prioritised in the teaching and learning process. An ongoing trans-provincial study started in 2008, using observation, interviews and document analyses. Based on findings from nine kindergartens in three provinces, this article illustrates how the concept of play is perceived and manifested in kindergartens located in three cities across China. It is suggested that there is a certain relationship between the rank and the status of play in a kindergarten, which may offer a systematic way to better understand how the concept of play is represented in Chinese kindergartens. Evidence also shows that the play concept has influenced Chinese educational ideas and pedagogy at certain levels but without changing the fundamental Chinese ideas of a play and learning relationship. Explanations for the phenomena observed, such as ranking versus forms of manifestation will be suggested.     

上课在幼儿园中的不正常地位及其改善措施

新中国建立后,在学前知识系统化教学的幼儿园课程理论指导下,上课在幼儿园教学中一直处于一统天下的地位.上世纪80年代以后,更多的西方幼儿教育理论被引进,幼教界也努力克服教学实践中存在的小学化倾向,于是,上课在幼儿园无处安身了.但幼儿园有教学,既然有教学就有课堂,问题的关键不在于要不要上课,而在于课堂里是否具有幼儿喜爱的游戏精神.为此,教师既要具备娴熟的课堂组织能力,又要领会游戏精神的实质,更要努力将二者融为一体.     

Learning other people’s history: pre-service teachers’ developing African American historical knowledge

Drawing from the historical lens of cultural memory, I examined the development of three social studies pre-service teachers’ African American history knowledge. The participants were engaged in a rigorous summer reading program dedicated to learning African American history. This qualitative case study examined both pre and post interpretations of African American history and discussed the varied ways the subject was interpreted by the pre-service teachers. The findings indicated that the reading program influenced African American history knowledge both positively and negatively. The paper ends with recommendations for teacher educators interested in expanding the development of pre-service teachers’ knowledge of African American history.