开端计划家长参与思想对我国家长教育的启示

开端计划是美国施行的关于低收入家庭幼儿早期教育的政策,家长参与思想是整个政策的核心。该计划要求家长不仅要参与到幼儿的教育、成长中来,还必须通过自我的被教育、学习,反向促进儿童的进步,成为幼儿健康生活的源泉与动力。开端计划中的家长参与改变了传统的教育观,对我国家长教育有一定的借鉴意义。     

美国《开端计划执行标准》评介

美国开端计划是由美国联邦政府制订并推行的一项主要针对处境不利学前儿童及其家庭的国家行动计划,作为扩大教育机会、保障教育公平的重要手段,为保证并促进其实施与质量,联邦政府自计划实施之初就为它制订了一套执行标准,并不断根据现实发展的需要对其进行修订.开端计划执行标准对开端计划涵盖的七种服务都作了详细具体的规定,其文本由标准概要、服务规划、社会服务标准、儿童健康和发展服务标准、个人教育项目服务标准、营养服务标准、家长参与服务标准、合作服务项目标准八大部分组成,并提供了多种运作方式供地方获权机构与授权办事处根据自身情况灵活选择与运用.此外,执行标准还强调组成包括政策理事会、政策委员会和家长委员会在内的开端计划治理机构,以加强对开端计划执行过程的监督与对其实施效果的监测和反馈,从而保证为处境不利儿童及其家庭提供高质量的多方面服务.     

从“开端计划”到“确保开端计划”:美英两国促进幼儿教育家长参与

在幼儿的成长过程中,家长的教育和引导起着至关重要的作用.此外,家长的参与对其自身的发展也能起到促进作用.美英两国在幼儿教育中都非常重视家长的参与,并将促进家长参与作为其幼儿教育的一项重要内容.我国当前在发展和改革学前教育事业,在促进家长参与方面,英美两国的做法及经验值得我们参考和借鉴.如政府要对学前教育的家长参与“负责”;学前教育机构要多渠道促进家园合作;社区要发挥区位优势给予家庭有效的支持;家长要提升教育理念主动参与到学前教育中去.     

美国开端计划的现状探索

美国"开端计划"是一个全国性的大型项目,对于促进美国幼儿学前教育机会、儿童认知能力发展以及入学准备有很大的促进作用。本文根据美国NCES的翔实资料,从开端计划的性别比例及族裔构成、开端计划家长参与情况、开端计划层次与家庭环境、开端计划效果和认同等几个方面进行现状分析,以期能够对我国学前教育发展提供启示。     

美国开端计划的发展、问题与走向

开端计划在美国的学前教育中起着重要的作用,有美国学前教育的国家实验室之称。近年来,美国政府对其进行了一系列改革,其目的是促进学前儿童的全面发展,其中又特别注重学前儿童学业成绩的提高,以促进美国基础教育的发展。     

美国开端计划中的社区课程设计

开端计划是美国主流动教课程的代表，它的社区课程是针对在开端计划实施过程中避渐出现的毒品滥用问题而设计的，本文从课程目的、课程内容、课程实施以及课程的影响四个方面对其进行了介绍。     

美国早期提前开端计划教师资格标准及其启示

美国早期提前开端计划主要为低收入怀孕妇女和婴儿、学步儿及其家庭提供婴幼儿早期教养服务.完善的教师资格标准是早期提前开端计划取得成功并不断扩展的关键因素之一.美国早期提前开端计划的教师资格标准对我国制定0～3岁婴幼儿早期教养机构的教师标准有一定启示意义.     

美国早期提前开端计划教师资格标准及其启示

美国早期提前开端计划主要为低收入怀孕妇女和婴儿、学步儿及其家庭提供婴幼儿早期教养服务。完善的教师资格标准是早期提前开端计划取得成功并不断扩展的关键因素之一。美国早期提前开端计划的教师资格标准对我国制定0～3岁婴幼儿早期教养机构的教师标准有一定启示意义。     

菲律宾健康开端计划述评

"健康开端"是菲律宾实施的一项以社区为基础的家访式计划,主要面向怀孕和有新生儿的家庭,并为健康家庭以及0-3岁的儿童提供支持。该计划主要采用家访的方式进行,旨在关注有助于儿童发展的家长的行为习惯以及减少环境对儿童健康成长的危险。     

美国特殊教育立法中的家长参与

强调家长参与是美国特殊教育立法的主要特点和重要原则之一。文章立足于我国特殊教育立法理论思考的需要,回顾了美国特殊教育立法过程中家长参与的缘起及具体经过,分析美国特殊儿童的家长参与特殊教育立法的原因,重点介绍了在美国家长参与特殊教育立法所取得了的成效,集中体现在对家长的选择权、知情权、评估参与权、“个别化教育计划”制订过程参与权等的权利规定或保障。最后,作者结合我国特殊教育立法的实际情况,从国家层面、学校层面、家长及“残联”层面提出了几点思考。     

The Social Construction of Parent Involvement in Head Start

In the field of early childhood education, dominant discourse is premised on assumptions and values that privilege uniformity, generality, and even the “essential” nature of children and programs that should then be judged according to common criteria. In this article, we focus not on common factors that vary but on particular social practices that have very different meanings for people in two social settings (Taylor, 1979). Specifically, we describe how parent involvement- and parents themselves-were socially constructed within Head Start programs located in different communities, and we suggest how these social practices made particular forms of involvement possible and even necessary. We argue that discourses do not merely represent; they constitute, and different discourses construct both subjects and social relations in particular ways. Finally, we suggest how alternative ways of structuring knowledge and social practice in early childhood might become “communal tools” for exploring yet to be realized possibilities.     

The Social Construction of Parent Involvement in Head Start

In the field of early childhood education, dominant discourse is premised on assumptions and values that privilege uniformity, generality, and even the "essential" nature of children and programs that should then be judged according to common criteria. In this article, we focus not on common factors that vary but on particular social practices that have very different meanings for people in two social settings (Taylor, 1979). Specifically, we describe how parent involvement- and parents themselves-were socially constructed within Head Start programs located in different communities, and we suggest how these social practices made particular forms of involvement possible and even necessary. We argue that discourses do not merely represent; they constitute, and different discourses construct both subjects and social relations in particular ways. Finally, we suggest how alternative ways of structuring knowledge and social practice in early childhood might become "communal tools" for exploring yet to be realized possibilities.     

Welfare-to-Work Single Mothers' Perspectives on Parent Involvement in Head Start: Implications for Parent–Teacher Collaboration

Single mothers' perspectives on selecting child care reflect their experiences of the significance of parent–teacher collaboration in a Head Start context. Mothers spoke of their motivations for selecting child care, their experiences of their relationships with Head Start teachers, and how their self-development and learning were enhanced by interactions with Head Start staff. Such collaboration has positive effects for their children, their development as parents, and their development as individuals. Implications of their perspectives for teacher best practices are drawn.     

美国“智力启动”计划与早期儿童教育中的“家长参与”

美国20世纪60年代的“伟大社会”改革推出了诸多计划,但一直运转良好和不断扩大的项目则不多,而“智力启动”计划是幸存计划之一。家长参与的特征使“智力启动”计划伴随着巨大政治压力的同时,也成为该计划幸存的关键因素。     

美国家长参与的国家标准简介

美国家长教师协会协同有关专家先后制定了家长/家庭参与项目的国家标准和家庭与学校合作的国家标准。这两份标准均强调家庭与幼儿园之间经常性的、双向的、有意义的沟通,强调构建家庭外部支持系统的重要性。与前一份标准相比,后一份标准更加重视幼儿家庭的多样性,致力于推动家长深度参与幼儿园教育,实现家长与教师的平等合作。     

An Emotion-Based Prevention Program for Head Start Children

Empirical research shows that poor emotional competence is an early risk factor for the development of psychopathology. Numerous school-based prevention programs have been developed with the goal of decreasing behavior problems. Several of these programs include a discrete emotions component, but none of them are solely or primarily guided by emotion theory for their design and implementation. The prevention program described in this paper, the emotions course (EC), is a theoretically-coherent program based on differential emotions theory and is designed to be implemented by teachers in Head Start classrooms. Children participating in a pilot implementation of EC showed larger increases in emotion knowledge and less growth in negative emotion expression than their peers in control classrooms. These findings provide initial support for EC. Future implementations of the program need increased monitoring of implementation fidelity as well as additional methods to assess the success of the program.     

上世纪90年代美国开端计划修正案解读

上世纪90年代是美国开端计划从规模发展向质量建设的转型时期.本文通过对美国开端计划上世纪90年代三次修正案的解读,阐述了法案在质量基金、员工资质、质量标准和质量监督与评估等方面的规定,分析了开端计划支持保障体系的主要框架,揭示了开端计划质量标准体系和监督评价体系的基本内涵,以期对我国学前教育立法及学前教育质量的提高提供有益的借鉴.     

Helping Head Start Parents Promote Their Children's Kindergarten Adjustment: The Research‐Based Developmentally Informed Parent Program

Head Start enhances school readiness during preschool, but effects diminish after children transition into kindergarten. Designed to promote sustained gains, the Research‐based Developmentally Informed (REDI) Parent program (REDI‐P) provided home visits before and after the kindergarten transition, giving parents evidence‐based learning games, interactive stories, and guided pretend play to use with their children. To evaluate impact, two hundred 4‐year‐old children in Head Start REDI classrooms were randomly assigned to REDI‐P or a comparison condition (mail‐home math games). Beyond the effects of the classroom program, REDI‐P promoted significant improvements in child literacy skills, academic performance, self‐directed learning, and social competence, demonstrating the utility of the approach in promoting gains in cognitive and social‐emotional skills evident after the transition into kindergarten.