A poster of pustules: representations of early twentieth century industrial anthrax in Britain

In the decades around 1900, industrial anthrax attracted significant attention from medical practitioners, legislators and the general public in Britain. Attempts to reduce the incidence of the disease ranged from basic health measures - preventing workmen from eating inside factories and trialling the use of respirators - through to national legislation making disinfection of dangerous materials mandatory. Another effort involved the production of industrial warning posters (or cautionary notices) which were designed for use in the factory environment. In the case of anthrax, the context in which these notices appeared adds to our understanding of not only the disease itself, but also the relations between those producing such posters and those who encountered them in an industrial setting.     

Sailing in all winds: Technological search over the business cycle

Business cycles modify firms’ incentives to innovate and the direction of innovation. By introducing a new measure of patent unconventionality this paper explores the impact of the business cycle on firms’ technological search strategies. We find that during upturns firms generate inventions characterized by a higher level of technological unconventionality. We also find that financially resilient and diversified firms produce more unconventional patents. While patent unconventionality is associated with technological impact and market value, firms extract more value by investing in unconventional inventions in downturns.     

The fire ant wars. Nature and science in the pesticide controversies of the late twentieth century

This essay uses an approach borrowed from environmental history to investigate the interaction of science and nature in a late twentieth-century controversy. This debate, over the proper response to fire ants that had been imported into the American South accidentally and then spread across the region, pitted Rachel Carson and loosely federated groups of conservationists, scientists, and citizens against the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The analysis falls into three sections: an examination of the natural history of the ants; an examination of the views of the competing factions; and an examination of how those views, transformed into action, affected the natural world. Both sides saw the ants in terms of a constellation of beliefs about the relationship between nature, science, and democracy. As various ideas were put into play, they interacted with the natural history of the insects in unexpected ways--and with consequences for the cultural authority of the antagonists. Combining insights from the history of science and environmental history helps explain how scientists gain and lose cultural authority and, more fundamentally, allows for an examination of how nature can be integrated into the history of science.     

从一张节目单看美国民众的著作权保护意识

从美国杨百翰大学青年大使歌舞团的一张演出节目单入手,使用图表、实例对节目单中部分作品的著作权信息进行分析,讨论了美国民众重视著作权保护的特征,在此基础上,结合图表、数据讨论了美国民众重视著作权保护的原因及影响。事实证明,美国民众重视著作权保护的意识在营造良好的保护氛围、促进著作权产业发展和提高著作权收入3个方面产生了巨大的影响。因此,美国为增强民众的著作权保护意识而积累下来的经验可以为我国提供一定的借鉴与启示。     

Tragic mathematics: romantic narratives and the refounding of mathematics in the early nineteenth century

A new, Romantic type of mathematical story appeared in the early nineteenth century that was radically different from the sober narrative characteristic of the previous generation of mathematicians. At the same time, a new mathematical practice emerged that differed sharply from the understanding and practice of mathematics during the Enlightenment. These parallel developments are inseparable: the new type of mathematical practice went hand in hand with the new mathematical story.     

从世界现行经济模式到生态经济模式的革命性探索

20 0 2年 10月 16日 ,中国生态经济学会在京举办以美国著名学者莱斯特·R·布朗新著《生态经济 :有利于地球的经济构想》为主题的座谈会。参会代表包括在京的学会顾问、正副理事长、常务理事及此书的译编人员四十余人。会议由杨耀先秘书长主持。现将其发言内容选编如下 :滕藤理事长谈到 ,布朗书中引用中国政府正式公布的统计资料做出的一些论断 ,但比较了解中国实情的人知道问题并不是那么简单 ,并不是中国一劳永逸地解决了粮食生产问题 ,可以满足中国人需要。如果我们的生态环境继续遭到破坏 ,如果我们沙化、石漠化以及一系列生态中的重大…     

印度的科技思想与21世纪初的科技发展重点

印度是发展中国家中的科技大国,自1948年独立以来,几乎从零开始建立了一个门类比较齐全的科技体系,拥有了一支实力较为雄厚的科技力量,在很多科技领域取得了引人瞩目的成就。例如,在高科技领域,印度进行了原子弹和氢弹实验,自主研发了烈火式中程导弹,成为世界上第二大软件生产国等;在国际学术领域,根据国际最权威的检索工具《科学引文索引》（SCI）、《科学技术会议录索引》（ISTP）和《工程索引》（EI）的统计,从1995年至2000年,印度科研人员在国际上发表的期刊论文和会议论文每年都在22000篇以上,一直位居世     

The geography of breakthrough invention in the United States over the 20th century

The geography of breakthrough invention in the U.S. – defined as the spatial distribution of the production of patents that are both novel and impactful – underwent three broad changes during the 20th century. At the start of the century, breakthrough invention was concentrated in populous metropolitan areas with high levels of local knowledge variety. By the 1930s, breakthroughs were created less frequently across the entire country and so their invention had a less distinct geography. The substantial creation of breakthroughs resumed in the 1960s, and while their invention was once again concentrated in major metropolitan areas with high knowledge variety, they frequently involved long-distance collaboration. In this article, I document these changes and propose a theory to interpret why they occurred. The theory emphasizes how changes in inventors' institutional and communication technology environments influence the geographical locations that are advantageous for breakthrough invention. In support of the model, I find that the disruptiveness of the regime of technological change, the knowledge intensity of breakthroughs, the distance-based frictions incurred by collaboration technologies, and the distance-based frictions incurred by knowledge-sourcing technologies help to predict the spatial distribution of breakthrough invention. To conclude the article, I discuss lessons that the 20th century's geography of breakthrough innovation provide for anticipating the geography of innovation in the 21st century, including in the years beyond COVID-19.     

Fighting the 'microbe of sporting mania': Australian science and Antarctic exploration in the early 20th century

The 'Heroic Age' of Antarctic exploration, which occurred during the first 15 years of the 20th century, captured headlines around the world. Australia was no exception, especially as Australian scientists played important roles in several expeditions. Through participation in the British Antarctic Expedition of 1907-1909, two Australian scientists - T.W. Edgeworth David (1858-1934) and Douglas Mawson (1882-1958) - became genuine national heroes, mainly through being members of the first party to reach the South Magnetic Pole area. At a superficial level, the vehicle of Antarctic exploration placed science at the forefront of public awareness, fulfilling David's ambition for greater recognition of science and scientists, especially considering the high level of public interest in sport. However, although David and Mawson gave Antarctic exploration a scientific veneer, simply through their status as scientists, the public viewed them as heroes because they had endured great hardships and conquered a point on the map in the name of science and the Empire.     

全球产业竞争下的中国家电产业竞争战略

在全球家电产业竞争的情况下，基于核心竞争能力理论，在概括中国家电产业情况及其产业环境基础上，分析了中国家电产业战争战略，探讨了家电产业竞争战略的实施途径，并提出了一些建议。     

Sparks in the dark: the attraction of electricity in the eighteenth century

Electricity was the craze of the eighteenth century. Thrilling experiments became forms of polite entertainment for ladies and gentlemen who enjoyed feeling sparks, shocks and attractions on their bodies. Popular lecturers designed demonstrations that were performed in darkened salons to increase the spectacle of the so-called electric fire. Not only did the action, the machinery and the ambience of such displays match the culture of the libertine century, it also provided new material for erotic literature.     

Disputed discovery: vivisection and experiment in the 19th century

In the early 19th century, physiologists Sir Charles Bell and Fran?ois Magendie both claimed to have been the first to identify separate motor and sensory nerve roots, a discovery acknowledged by their contemporaries as one of the most important of the age. This priority dispute came to embody distinct visions of physiology, and of the role of experimentation and vivisection within that discipline. The dispute remained unresolved, in part, because of competing definitions of what was being discovered.     

Rethinking the ownership of information in the 21st century: Ethical implications

This paper discusses basic concepts and recentdevelopments in intellectual property ownership in theUnited States. Various philosophical arguments havepreviously been put forward to support the creation andmaintenance of intellectual property systems. However, in an age of information, access toinformation is a critical need and should beguaranteed for every citizen. Any right of controlover the information, adopted as an incentive toencourage creation and distribution of intellectualproperty, should be subservient to an overriding needto ensure access to the information. The principlesunderlying intellectual property regimes in the UnitedStates recognize and embody this. In addition, thephilosophical/ethical dimensions of this debate couldalso be structured to support this attitude as well. Intellectual property is fast becoming digitalproperty. New technologies allow owners to extendtheir control of both legitimate uses and misuses ofthe intellectual property. Recent trends demonstratethat the access principle has not always beenparamount in judicial or legislative applications. Thetrend rather is to allow a proprietarianism factor todominate the analysis. Finally, several principles areforwarded which would assist adjudicators and policymakers in reaffirming the basic purpose of theintellectual property law, which is to benefit thepublic at large.     

知识:21世纪企业竞争优势之根本

关于企业竞争优势的根源,无论是外生论还是内生论都有其内在缺陷。企业的竞争优势归根结底来自于企业所拥有的知识。文章从分析企业竞争优势的不同观点入手,对企业的竞争优势进行了经济学阐释和知识解析,得出知识是企业竞争优势之根本的结论,并且论述了知识管理与学习型组织相结合是企业管理知识的最佳途径。     

Parents and children: ideas of heredity in the 19th century

The concept of heredity played a powerful role in structuring 19th-century debates over sickness, morality, class, race, education, social change and evolution. But there was very little agreement as to which qualities were heritable and how new hereditary variants were acquired. In consequence, notions of heredity existed in a wide variety of forms, expressing anything from extreme determinism and a belief in the incorrigibility of individuals, social and racial groups, to unleavened optimism, and a faith in ultimate human perfectibility. This article explores these rich hereditarian discourses to convey an impression of a century that was at least as preoccupied with the concept of biological inheritance as we are today.     

产学研合作各方利益诉求下的政府作为分析

以利益为切入点,对高校、科研院所和企业三方的科研利益诉求进行认知,认为学研方与产业方的利益是错位的,错位的利益当然不能带来高效的合作.为此,提出由统领三方的上级系统——政府,来进行作为和履行职责,并从指标调整、设立专项基金、强化合作信息系统建设和协调利益分配四个方面对政府作为进行分析,以期拓展合作思路,提升合作效果.     

海洋资源开发与管理:21世纪中国应对策略探讨

立足中国海洋资源开发与管理所面临的初始条件,针对性地提出了制定海洋资源开发战略、加强海洋资源开发与管理的应对策略。