法律与道德的来源——以布伦塔诺《伦理知识的起源》为例

通过梳理两种关于道德起源的传统学说,揭示出道德的起源在于道德形而上学;通过批判康德单纯理性下的道德形而上学,引出以注重生命实践为显著特征的布伦塔诺价值哲学,从而揭示出道德源泉的真正所在在于自明性情感。     

The “Write” Stuff: Simple Techniques Designed to Teach Students How to Avoid Plagiarism

Presently, plagiarism is a serious problem in academics. Research has shown that the number of students who commit some form of plagiarism has increased in recent years. Studies have also shown that students commit plagiarism for a variety of reasons, including ignorance about what constitutes plagiarism, waiting until the last minute to complete an assignment, and a desire to get good grades. Regardless of the reason, students who commit plagiarism face a variety of sanctions ranging from a “slap on the wrist” to expulsion from school. Because of the potential long‐term ramifications of committing plagiarism, it is essential that educators understand why students commit plagiarism and learn ways to teach students how to avoid it. This paper presents a workshop designed to teach students how to avoid committing it and offers a variety of ways in which this material can be incorporated into a program’s existing curriculum.     

‘It’s not fair’: policy discourses and students’ understandings of plagiarism in a New Zealand university

Plagiarism is a concept that is difficult to define. Although most higher education institutions have policies aimed at minimising and addressing student plagiarism, little research has examined the ways in which plagiarism is discursively constructed in university policy documents, or the connections and disconnections between institutional and student understandings of plagiarism in higher education. This article reports on a study that explored students’ understandings of plagiarism in relation to institutional plagiarism discourses at a New Zealand university. The qualitative study involved interviews with 21 undergraduate students, and analysis of University plagiarism policy documents. The University policy documents revealed moral and regulatory discourses. In the interviews, students predominantly drew on ethico-legal discourses, which reflected the discourses in the policy documents. However, the students also drew on (un)fairness discourses, confusion discourses, and, to a lesser extent, learning discourses. Notably, learning discourses were absent in the University policy. Our findings revealed tensions between the ways plagiarism was framed in institutional policy documents, and students’ understandings of plagiarism and academic writing. We suggest that, in order to support students’ acquisition of academic writing skills, plagiarism should be framed in relation to ‘learning to write’, rather than as a moral issue.     

浅析大学生剽窃行为：基于国内外的文献

大学生剽窃行为是高等教育管理中的一个非常现实的问题,已经引起广大教育工作者和学术人员的广泛关注。大学生剽窃行为可以分为故意剽窃和无意剽窃。对于大学生如何看待剽窃问题上存在一些共性。大学生剽窃行为主要受道德能力、对剽窃的意识、学术融合和压力等9个因素的影响。与国外的大学生剽窃行为研究相比,我国的研究还有很长的路要走。     

女性主义伦理学视野下道德教育的性别和谐

女性主义伦理学研究表明,道德是有“性别”之分的,男女两性在道德价值重心、思维方式和发展方式上均有差异。但道德教育理论和实践中客观存在的性别歧视,导致道德教育的性别失衡和性别冲突,从而限制了道德教育的发展。实现道德教育的性别和谐应该消除性别歧视,重新定义道德和有道德的人,使道德教育的核心概念包容女性气质。在此基础上,重建道德教育大厦,使其矗立于理性和情感的根基之上。     

Relation of gender,course enrollment,and grades to distinct forms of academic dishonesty

A thorough understanding of academic dishonesty and the students who engage in it is necessary to develop appropriate policies and educational interventions to discourage such actions. The present study examines the frequency of academic dishonesty and the characteristics (i.e. gender, course enrollment, and grades) of students who engage in distinct forms of the behavior by surveying undergraduates at a large public university in the USA. Of 292 students, 57.19% reported some form of academic dishonesty in the previous six months, with cheating on a test being the most frequent form (51.71%). Men and students in a study strategies course had a significantly higher report rate for both plagiarism and making false excuses in comparison to women and students in a science course, respectively. Low grades corresponded with high rates of academic dishonesty, specifically in terms of having provided false excuses. Implications for college teaching settings are discussed.     

研究生学术失范的博弈论解读

研究生学术失范不仅是一个道德问题,也是一个直接而现实的博弈问题。以博弈论的视角审视,收益情况,而非研究生的道德素质,在研究生学术失范中起着决定性作用。由博弈论观之,解决研究生学术失范的关键在于明晰研究生学术失范的收益情况,降低守范者所背负的额外压力,提高失范者的支出,并积极发挥研究生群体本身在反学术失范中的作用。     

In their own words: a qualitative study of the reasons Australian university students plagiarize

The ways in which universities and individual academics attempt to deter and respond to student plagiarism may be based on untested assumptions about particular or primary reasons for this behaviour. Using a series of group interviews, this qualitative study gathered the views of 56 Australian university students on the possible reasons for plagiarism within their institution. The results indicate a wide and disparate range of possible contributing reasons for plagiarism, including: institutional admission criteria; student understanding of plagiarism; poor academic skills; a range of teaching and learning factors; personality factors; and external pressures. These findings are compared with other findings about reasons for student plagiarism in Australasia. The implications of these findings are considered for universities and individual academics seeking to better engage with their students to minimize or marginalize plagiarism.     

Perceptions of the prevalence and seriousness of academic dishonesty in Australian universities

Academic dishonesty is a fundamental issue for the academic integrity of higher education institutions, and one that has lately been gaining increasing media attention. This study reports on a survey of 1206 students and 190 academic staff across four major Queensland universities in relation to student academic misconduct. The aim of the survey was to determine the prevalence of academic misconduct, and to investigate the extent to which perceptions of dishonesty are shared between students and staff, as preliminary steps toward developing effective strategies to deal with the academic dishonesty/misconduct problem. Results indicate a higher tolerance for academic misconduct by students in comparison to staff, particularly with respect to falsification of research results and plagiarism, as well as considerable underestimation by staff of the prevalence of virtually all forms of student academic misconduct. Overall, the study’s findings confirm the significance of the issue of academic dishonesty within the Australian tertiary sector, indicating considerable divergence between students and staff in terms of perceptions of the seriousness and prevalence of student academic misconduct. We suggest that university administrators need to examine this issue closely in order to develop mechanisms for managing and curtailing the level of academic misconduct, since a failure to do so may lead to a further undermining of the academic integrity of the Australian tertiary sector.     

Motivation and Methodology in Moral Education

Abstract

Two basic worries about moral education are considered. The first ‐‐ whether there are or are not fundamental principles of reason and procedure which govern moral decision‐making ‐‐ is argued to be unnecessary, since there plainly are some such procedures. The second ‐‐ how and in what direction pupils should be motivated to attend to such principles ‐‐ is a more complex and difficult matter, which has to be tackled whatever one's particular philosophical views on morality. It is argued that the proper object of motivation is primarily allegiance to certain principles of rationality and justice, natural sympathy or personal benevolence being regarded as desirable but too fragile.     

WHY ARE NONPROTOTYICAL EVENTS So DIFFICULT, AND WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL-DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY?

The findings of Turiel, Hildebrandt, and Wainryb's study of reasoning and judgement on nonprototypical issues that seem to span domains are discussed. Opinions were obtained from high school and college students on 1-4 nonprototypical issues (abortion, pornography, homosexuality, and incest), and compared with judgments and reasoning on 2-3 moral issues (killing, rape, and theft), and 1-3 personal issues (nudity at a public beach, smoking marijuana, and men wearing makeup). Those evaluating the nonprototypical issues negatively were placed in 1 group, and those positively in another group. The goal was to determine how opposite positions on nonprototypical issues related to judgments and reasonings on moral and personal issues. 5 explanations are given for nonprototypical thought which are based on Turiel and the author's constructs. 1) Issues like abortion and pornography are of a type where moral principles clash and lead to different judgments, and thus, require higher level moral principles. 2) The greater cognitive complexity of these nonprototypical issues yields domain differences which are manifestations of a decalage in judgement. 3) Nonprototypical issues may be ambiguous as to their proper moral, conventional, or personal category. Judgments are predictable once the proper category is made. Categories may be complex or ambiguous. 4)Ambiguity involves rational determinism, where reasoning on nonprototypical issues derives from the reasoner's understanding and interpretation of the situation, "social construals." 5)Complexity involves different supraordinate structures within which , e.g., morality and social convention operate. The results indicate that judgments on nonprototypical issues could not be predicted on moral or personal positions. The importance of this finding about how group and individual differences cannot be explained is in its exploration of the limits of moral theory and the preeminent need to place moral theory in a broader and deeper supraordinate context. Discussion is directed to fundamental organization of moral and social thought within which a developmental progression must operate, and a more comprehensive approach to the development of social thought. The research defines morality in the context of universal, rational, and absolute thought, which appeals to the author.     

《论语》与《圣经》道德教育的契合

《论语》与《圣经》分别代表着中国文化和西方文化的根基,过去我们只关注两种文化的差异性,本文拟通过道德教育这一平台寻求两书的共同之处。在道德教育内容、道德教育目的、道德实践、道德依归、道德情感、道德教育对象、道德典范等方面对《论语》和《圣经》若干相似之处进行了比较,发现两种古老文明最初都有着共同的道德观念,这正是我们现代人应当努力从先辈继承的宝贵精神资源。     

哈克贝利·费恩与美国人特性

美国作家马克.吐温以幽默而又生动的语言塑造的人物形象哈克,是生存于芸芸众生的灵魂鄙俗间的道德追求者。他的反叛性格与当时社会传统道德约束下的人们形成了鲜明的对比,其善良率真的天性,勇于挑战道德和法律的历险经历生动地表现了美国人的特性—善良率真、追求自由、向往和平;喜欢挑战和冒险;充满了开拓精神和勇气;信从于直觉对是非曲直的判断;富有英雄主义色彩。     

Academic dishonesty in higher education—a nationwide study in Taiwan

Academic dishonesty has been an important issue. However, only few researches had been done in Asian countries, especially a nationwide study. A sample of 2,068 college students throughout Taiwan was selected and surveyed on four domains of academic dishonesty, including: cheating on test, cheating on assignment, plagiarism, and falsifying documents. The major findings of this study were: (1) the prevalence rate for all types of dishonesty behaviors among college students in Taiwan was 61.72%; (2) the top five most practiced academic dishonesty behaviors in Taiwan are provided paper or assignment for another student, gave prohibited help to others on their assignment, copied others’ assignments, passed answers to other students, and copied from other students; (3) students’ attitudes correlated with behaviors in all four domains of academic dishonesty; (4) females reported less acceptable to and behaved less academic dishonesty behaviors than males; and (5) freshmen had more dishonest practices than other class ranks.     

大学生诚信道德:制约及其建设途径

随着经济全球化和我国入世的实现,人才市场的竞争更为激烈,诚信已成为国际化人才的基本素质要求。而在人才培养重要基地的高校中,却出现许多学生不讲诚信、违反道德的诸多行为,这种行为不仅对其自身造成损害,而且危及社会。因此,全面提升高校学生诚信道德水平势在必行。观念和制度是当前大学生诚信道德建设的双重制约因素,加强诚信道德建设的有效途径是树立诚信道德观念、实现诚信道德的制度化。     

大学德育的误区及对策研究

大学生作为社会将来的中坚力量,其道德的高低直接影响着社会的发展。当前,大学德育陷入诸多误区,在道德概念的理解上偏向利他主义,德育目标脱离社会现实,缺乏实现的可能性,在德育方式上重视规范教育。这些都导致德育实效性低下。针对这些误区,正确理解道德概念,合理确立目标,重视德育内化将有助于德育实效性的提高。     

The Efficacy of Policy Statements on Plagiarism: Do They Change Students' Views?

Concern about academic dishonesty has led to studies designed to explore its nature, prevalence, and causes. Nevertheless, to date there has been little empirical work designed to test the efficacy of measures to reduce cheating behavior. Many authors agree that there should be institutional statements about academic dishonesty that give definitions and state the penalties for cheating. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of such statements in terms of their influence on perceived severity and perceived incidence of plagiarism in undergraduates. We found that having the students read a carefully worded statement about plagiarism was an effective way to change the perceptions of how seriously plagiarism breaches academic guidelines. Our data further suggest that providing guidance about avoiding plagiarism that encourages students to take a more serious view of the issue is likely to have positive effects on future behavior.     

The development of student feedback literacy: enabling uptake of feedback

Student feedback literacy denotes the understandings, capacities and dispositions needed to make sense of information and use it to enhance work or learning strategies. In this conceptual paper, student responses to feedback are reviewed and a number of barriers to student uptake of feedback are discussed. Four inter-related features are proposed as a framework underpinning students’ feedback literacy: appreciating feedback; making judgments; managing affect; and taking action. Two well-established learning activities, peer feedback and analysing exemplars, are discussed to illustrate how this framework can be operationalized. Some ways in which these two enabling activities can be re-focused more explicitly towards developing students’ feedback literacy are elaborated. Teachers are identified as playing important facilitating roles in promoting student feedback literacy through curriculum design, guidance and coaching. The implications and conclusion summarise recommendations for teaching and set out an agenda for further research.     

Theorising Drama as Moral Education

Although it is commonly assumed within schools that drama has a place within moral education, there is very little theory or analysis to support the assumption. This article sketches a theoretical framework to show how and in what ways drama can make a distinctive contribution to the field. Drawing upon Stenhouse (1975) it proposes a broad distinction between moral instruction and moral induction and analyses drama's potential contribution to both areas. In so doing, it draws links between the cultural practices of the theatre and those of the drama classroom, analysing the moral potential of the dramatic experience through five theoretical lenses. These include the enacted nature of dramatic narrative; the association between drama and the learning of rules; the communal function of drama as a public artform; dialogue and dialogism in drama; and the relationship between emotion, reason and moral engagement in drama.     

维吾尔族和汉族大学生对道德和习俗事件的判断

此研究考察了维吾尔族和汉族大学生对习俗事件和道德事件的判断情况。要求维族和汉族大学生对50个可能违反道德或习俗的事件进行判断。发现两个民族大学生对道德和习俗事件的判断都有差异,对习俗事件的判断差异更大,其中维族大学生对两类事件的判断都更严格。还发现,两组被试对道德事件的判断有正相关,但对习俗事件的判断无相关。结果表明,两民族的差异主要在于对待习俗的差异,而对道德意义有较为一致的理解。