Religious conviction,morality and social convention among Finnish adolescents

The assumptions of Kohlberg, Turiel and Shweder regarding the features of moral reasoning were compared empirically. The moral reasoning of Finnish Evangelical Lutheran, Conservative Laestadian and non‐religious adolescents was studied using Kohlberg’s Moral Judgment Interview and Turiel Rule Transgression Interview methods. Religiosity and choice in moral dilemmas (orientation) were related to the structural stages of reasoning. The choice in moral dilemmas was related to the distinction between morality and social convention as separate domains. Religious participants made no distinction between morality and social convention, and their conception of morality was dependent on religious authorities. The implications of the results for moral education in schools are briefly discussed.     

Undergraduate plagiarism: a pedagogical perspective

Student plagiarism is a pervasive and increasing problem at all levels of study in tertiary institutions. This study attempted explicitly and implicitly to address issues of plagiarism within the broad context of an academic writing framework in tutorials in a first‐year module at the University of KwaZulu‐Natal in South Africa. Despite these interventions, a quarter of the students were judged to have plagiarised in an essay assignment. The study revealed little deliberate intention to deceive but instead poor understanding of both technical matters such as correct referencing norms that had been addressed in the module and higher‐order issues such as writing as process, knowledge as constructed and the establishment of authorial voice through language and referencing. Lack of real engagement with plagiarism and referencing issues was also a problem, with certain groups of students being more at risk in terms of committing plagiarism than others. It is argued that, particularly in a demographically diverse society, acquiring values, attitudes, norms, beliefs and practices that help prevent plagiarism should be viewed as a long‐term and iterative process.     

对日趋严重的剽窃问题和正确使用科学引用的讨论

在几乎所有的发达国家,高中和大学教师发现学生从书籍和互联网摘抄资料而不注明出处的现象显著增加。剽窃是作者把别人的文字和或者思想据为已有的现象。尽管生物学教师反复告诫学生不要剽窃,可是剽窃现象依然有增无减。产生这种现象的原因可能是文字很容易从互联网上粘贴过来。这种剽窃有时被称作“科技促成便捷剽窃”,或者称作“粘贴复制剽窃”。     

德育课教学低效性问题分析

本文从教学目标定位、教学内容安排、教学方法三个方面分析了目前德育课教学中存在的低效问题，旨在为解决这些问题寻找出路。     

论公民道德建设的核心问题

《公民道德建设实施纲要》明确指出,为人民服务是公民道德建设的核心。本从共产党人的一贯宗旨,社会主义道德规范的集中体现,新型的社会主义人际关系,发展社会主义市场经济,纠正不正之风,青少年三观教育等方面对公民道德建设的核心进行了论证。     

Turnitoff: identifying and fixing a hole in current plagiarism detection software

In recent times, plagiarism detection software has become popular in universities and colleges, in an attempt to stem the tide of plagiarised student coursework. Such software attempts to detect any copied material and identify its source. The most popular such software is Turnitin, a commercial system used by thousands of institutions in more than 100 countries. Here, we show how to fix a loophole in Turnitin's current plagiarism detection process. We demonstrate that, in its current incarnation, one can easily create a document that passes the plagiarism check regardless of how much copied material it contains; we then show how to improve the system to avoid such attacks.     

Organising research on university student plagiarism: a process approach

Abstract

This article examines the management of the seemingly ubiquitous problem of plagiarism by students in higher education. An integrated review of the conceptual and empirical literature to date is undertaken in the pursuit of two objectives. First, to provide structure to the scattered knowledge about the topic, which is achieved by developing a process framework of plagiarism management. Second, to identify, group and locate the determinants of each of the major events of the plagiarism management process: the occurrence of a plagiarism instance, its detection and the subsequent actions undertaken in response. Moreover, the framework incorporates the roles of the different actors involved (students, professors and the university) and the importance of the cultural, legal and technological context in which the instances of plagiarism may take place. This process approach aids in the identification of more integrated avenues for further research.     

以德治国与道德及其教育的价值

:“以德治国”的重要思想提出后 ,道德教育与建设必将倍受关注。本文从道德是文化的灵魂 ,道德是经济领域一只看不见的手 ,道德与法制互补 ,吏德是巩固政权的支点 ,道德是社会稳定的基石等视角阐述了道德的价值 ;从中国自古重教化的历史经验与智慧中 ,认识当今加强学校的道德教育和全社会的道德建设 ,对于实现“以德治国”思想具有重要意义     

Order of operations: On convention and met-before acronyms

In our exploration of the order of operations we focus on the following claim: “In the conventional order of operations, division should be performed before multiplication.” This initially surprising claim is based on the acronym BEDMAS, a popular mnemonic used in Canada to assist students in remembering the order of operations. The claim was voiced by a teacher and then presented for consideration to a class of prospective elementary school teachers. We investigate the participants’ understanding of the order of operations, focusing on the operations of multiplication and division. We report on participants’ ways of resolving a cognitive conflict faced as a result of relying on memorized mnemonics.     

Discourses of plagiarism: moralist,proceduralist, developmental and inter-textual approaches

This paper reconstructs prevalent academic discourses of student plagiarism: moralism, proceduralism, development, and writing/inter-textuality. It approaches the discourses from three aspects: intention, interpretation and the nature of the academic community. It argues that the assumptions of the moralistic approach regarding suspect intention, the transparency of interpretation, and the homogeneous nature of the academic community are in effect sustained by discourses of proceduralism and development. This results, first, in the simplistic rendition of student identities as honest/dishonest, and, second, in the proposal of or acquiescence to the triad of prevention, detection and punishment. The paper concludes that radical re-conceptualization of plagiarism may only be discovered in the discourse of inter-textuality where intention, interpretation and the academic community are construed as social practices concerning the negotiation of various identities and values – those of students as well as those of academics.     

对公德与私德关系的思考

人类社会不能没有道德,道德又分为私德与公德。所谓私德是指道德的内在性与个体性,所谓公德是指道德的规范性与约束性。对于传统中国而言,道德主要表现为重私德而轻公德倾向;而在现代,又表现为公德与私德的一并缺乏。因此应当剖析公德与私德关系,使二在道德建设的过程中实现相互影响、相互转化,从而促进我国公民道德建设的健康发展。     

Rebels without a clause: towards an institutional framework for dealing with plagiarism by students

This paper explores why an institutional framework for dealing with plagiarism by students is necessary and it outlines the main ingredients of such a framework that has been developed at Lancaster University. It defines plagiarism as a form of academic malpractice and frames it as a breach of academic integrity. The framework places a strong emphasis on prevention and education, backed up by robust and transparent procedures for detecting and punishing plagiarism. It is informed by a number of core pillars, including transparency, ownership, responsibility, academic integrity, compatibility with the institution's academic culture, focus on prevention and deterrence and support for and development of students' skills. The key criteria in evaluating the usefulness of such an institutional framework are transparency, appropriateness, fairness and consistency.     

Exploring staff perceptions of student plagiarism

This paper presents analysis of qualitative data from a research project looking at staff perceptions of plagiarism at a post‐1992 university. Twenty‐six members of staff from departments and academic schools from across the university took part in open and semi‐structured interviews. Analysis shows that variable definitions of plagiarism exist; both regarding student activities that constitute plagiarism and the way in which plagiarism is perceived to be related to cheating. The factors underlying these personal definitions are unclear, but the analysis suggests that values perceived to underpin higher education may play an important role. This paper provides new empirical data on staff perceptions of student plagiarism, which complement previous research on student perceptions. The potential implications of different perceptions of plagiarism, and a mismatch between staff and student understandings is highlighted as an area for further consideration.     

关于道义论的思考

道义论虽然是片面发展了的学说,但它是人类极其重要的思想成果,包含着合理和极具价值的东西,批判地继承它有价值的思想,以推进社会的发展和全面进步,有重大的意义。     

Unconventional sources as a new convention: The shifting paradigm of undergraduate writing

Recent research has remarked upon the widespread use of Internet sources by undergraduate students in support of their written ideas. Results of this research indicate there is a tendency for some students to cite sources whose content meets their expedient needs, while ignoring standards of rigor typically required for academic citation. Despite this tendency, the present study explores whether Web sources which would normally be considered unconventional for academic citation, in fact, offer enriching content. This study isolates the unconventional Web references from three second-language students' research papers for qualitative analysis. Results indicate that although the cavalier use of Web sources by students remains a serious concern, unconventional sites can sometimes be an unusually rich source of information. Such a finding has implications for how students are taught to consider Internet sources. Specifically, it is suggested that sites normally considered unconventional not be summarily dismissed as potential sources of information.