The Lake Wobegon Effect Revisited

In the summer 1988 Issue of EM, John Cannell presented evidence Indicating that most states and schools are scoring above average on nationally normed elementary achievement tests. This phenomenon has come to be known as the Lake Wobegon Effect after the mythical town of Lake Wobegon where all children are above average. The summer 1988 Issue also Included commentaries on Cannels work by representatives of major test publishers and officials In the U.S. Department of Education. In this follow-up article, Cannell responds to criticisms of his previous work.     

Riverside Comments on the Friends for Education Report

The authors, both affiliated with Riverside Publishing Company, discuss the factors they think explain the Lake Wobegon phenomenon and call for more appropriate use of normative comparisons and more complete reporting of test results.     

The Lake Wobegon Effect: A Skeleton in the Testing Closet?

In this article, officials of the U.S. Department of Education explain what they think of the "Lake Wobegon" phenomenon brought to widespread attention by Dr. Cannell– and what the Department is doing about it.     

洞庭湖与荆江的历史渊源及其沧桑演变

烟波浩淼的洞庭湖,以其恢弘的气势被历代文人所传颂,有的甚至将其与云梦泽混为一谈。那么,到底洞庭湖是不是云梦泽？它与荆江有何渊源？它的兴衰的原因是什么？一直引起人们的关注。通过云梦泽的衰亡缘由,依据古代地理和史料,判定洞庭湖并非云梦泽,并对洞庭湖的演变进行剖析,揭示洞庭湖与荆江的历史渊源。     

The “pinpointing effect” vs. the “diffusion effect” of peer influence

Classroom teachers are learning to employ the peer group to “shape up” dissidents. However, singling out a child may produce undesirable side effects such as emotional behavior, resentment, etc. Can the same result be obtained by rewarding the class for ignoring the target behavior of everyone in the room? Twelve subjects were selected from six middle school classes, two from each class. Each entire class was rewarded for increased ignoring of the target behavior (whispering): in the three P (pinpointed) classes, for ignoring the whispering of Designated (target) subjects; in the three D (diffusion) classes, for ignoring whispering by all class members. The results indicate that a peer group can decrease reinforcement of a disruptive behavior and thereby decelerate it in a singled-out child (Pinpointing Effect) or a behavior emitted by any child in class (Diffusion Effect) with equal effectiveness. However, patterns in the data suggest that peers ignored P-Designated subjects most, D subjects next most, and P-Undesignated subjects the least and that this pattern of ignoring was mirrored in the pattern of deceleration of the target behaviors in the three groups. These patterns suggest that the Pinpointing Effect may be stronger than the Diffusion Effect, but further study is needed.     

Programmed student achievement: A Hawthorne Effect?

Three groups of college students were given instructions using different testing techniques to determine whether the superior performance obtained with Programmed Student Achievement (PA) was due to a Hawthorne Effect. PA students, operating under the consequence of failing the course if they failed to evidence criterion performance (100% mastery) on weekly quizzes, exhibited superior performance, relative to control groups, on the weekly quizzes and on an unannounced retention test. The results seem to preclude any attempt to interpret the effectiveness of Programmed Student Achievement on the basis of a Hawthorne Effect.     

Understanding Evil and Educating Heroes

Why do people do horrific things to one another? This article reviews two recent books that attempt to answer that question, Philip Zimbardo's The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil and Barbara Coloroso's Extraordinary Evil: A Brief History of Genocide. The author discusses the educational implications of these works and raises preliminary considerations for an education for heroism.     

狭义相对论中的“时钟假设”和“长度假设”

分析了狭义相对论中的钟慢效应和尺缩效应只与速度有关而与加速度无关。     

论等效翻译中文化信息的流失

自奈达的等效翻译理论提出以来,国内外翻译界对其的评价各异。本文对"等效论"的历史发展进行简单的疏理,从跨文化交际和接受美学的角度探讨了"等效论"在实践操作中的语用可能性,指出等效翻译会导致大量的文化和语言信息的流失。     

Spelling Performance in Children with Developmental Language Disorder: A Meta-Analysis across European Languages

ABSTRACT

Spelling difficulties often occur in children with developmental language disorder (DLD), the extent and drivers of these difficulties are underspecified. Meta-analyses were conducted to address this gap. We identified child-based factors (age, language spoken, profile of difficulties) and task-based factors (text production or dictation) as potential moderators of the impact of DLD on spelling performance. Thirty-two studies were analyzed, including 984 children with DLD. Large differences between the spelling of children with DLD and their age-matched peers were found. The average mean effect size was ?1.42, 95% confidence interval [?1.60, ?1.24]. Heterogeneity was large. Effect size estimates were larger when participants had additional phonological or reading difficulties than when they did not. No differences were found between participants with DLD and their language-matched peers. The results are discussed with respect to the underlying processes that impact on spelling across languages. Specific recommendations for future studies are made.     

利用鲫鱼外周血红细胞微核技术对遗爱湖水质监测

利用鲫鱼外周血红细胞微核技术连续三年对遗爱湖水质进行了监测。结果表明：三年来,遗爱湖的鲫鱼外周血红细胞微核率逐年增加,西湖同期鲫鱼细胞微核率明显高于东湖;遗爱湖水质级别指数连续三年GI〉2．0,属于重度污染,呈逐年增加趋势;西湖水质级别指数,每年都高于东湖,污染程度更重于东湖。鱼类外周红细胞微核试验在水环境的遗传毒性监测方面具有较大的应用价值。     

高校思想政治教育工作心理学方法运用探析

心理问题是高校大学生思想政治教育工作关注的重点。用现代心理学原则和方法改进和创新高校大学生思想政治教育工作,应始终贯穿情感二字,尊重受教育者个性,重点关注特殊人群。具体运用“巴奴姆效应”、增减效应”、“层递效应”等心理学方法,实施差异化教育,激发学生的求知和探索精神,培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。     

中国汉语水平考试对汉语作为第二语言教学的反拨效应

本文是对中国汉语水平考试(HSK)反拨效应的一次探索性研究的阶段性成果。文章首先介绍了反拨效应的相关概念和理论,指出了语言测试和语言教学密不可分的关系,应该重视语言测试对语言教学的反拨效应;其次,从目标、内容和方法三个方面着重探讨了语言测试是怎样影响语言教师的教学活动,分析了语言测试产生负面反拨效应的主客观原因;最后,通过调查问卷的方法,深入调查HSK对汉语作为第二语言教学活动的正面反拨效应和负面反拨效应,进而根据相关文献和本次调查研究结果,对如何提高语言测试的正面反拨效应、减少负面反拨效应提出一些建议。     

浅析供应链中的"牛鞭效应"及缓解对策

分析了供应链管理中"牛鞭效应"产生的原因,指出了从信息共享和库存管理方面的缓解对策.     

霍尔效应及应用

霍尔效应是一种发现、研究和应用都很早的磁电效应。霍尔效应的研究在当今已取得了许多突破性的进展，在科学技术的许多领域都有着广泛的应用。     

塞曼效应实验的改进

在同一实验前提下,对塞曼效应测量方法的五点法与八点法、中心测量与内外径测量进行对比,择优取之,并综合用于验证直测与弯测的优劣对比,以此达到改进塞曼效应实验教学的目的。优化数据测量过程,采用了五点中心测量法,更有利于减少由测微目镜以及仪器轻度震动等引起的机械误差,在提高效率的同时提高精确度;丰富了有关调节F-P标准具的实验内容,提高了学生的动手操作能力。     

杨维桢与元末西湖竹枝酬唱

杨维桢是元代以＂西湖＂为题创作《竹枝词》的第一人。由杨维桢发起的＂西湖竹枝酬唱＂,规模空前,影响深远。＂西湖竹枝酬唱＂的最终成果《西湖竹枝集》,选编了122位诗人的184首诗,是文学史上的第一部《西湖竹枝词》总集。其内容主要包括对元代西湖地区的自然景观、人文景观、民俗风情等的描写。《西湖竹枝集》对明、清两代的各类《竹枝词》创作,均产生了无可替代的影响。     

三峡工程对鄱阳湖区血吸虫病防治负面影响的历史考察

国内外类似三峡的工程改变了区域生态环境,导致钉螺受到感染并扩散,对血吸虫病防治造成了负面影响.鄱阳湖血吸虫病传播与其水位情况密切相关,而三峡水利枢纽工程对鄱阳湖水位影响非常大.因此,探讨三峡水利枢纽工程对鄱阳湖区血吸虫病防治的负面影响,既要考察三峡水库调度原则及运行方式,又要研究鄱阳湖水位变化情况.三峡水利枢纽工程影响鄱阳湖水位的变化,改变了湖区生态环境,对鄱阳湖区血吸虫病的防治造成了负面影响.     

基于模糊数学方法的洞庭湖区水安全评价

洞庭湖位于长江中游南岸,水安全问题突出,主要表现在三个方面:泥沙淤积、洪涝灾害、水污染与环境退化等．文章采取模糊数学方法,对洞庭湖水安全总体状况进行了定量分析和评价,结果表明,水安全形势最好的是东洞庭湖,最坏的是西洞庭湖,南洞庭湖介于二者之间,说明洞庭湖区水安全状况从东向西逐渐恶化．再从泥沙淤积、洪涝灾害、水污染与环境退化等具体水安全问题的表现看,三者也表现出较大的相似性,说明洞庭湖的水安全问题是全湖性的．但不同之处和差异性依然存在．