"课程即研究假设"、"教师即行动研究者"——斯滕豪斯课程观之要义

斯朦豪斯的课程观视“课程即研究假设”、“课堂即实验室”、“教师即研究者”,倡导教师的课程行动研究,凸现了教师“专业主义”的理论取向,提出了课程设计的“过程模式”及相关的知识观、教师观、教学观和评价观,对我国正在推进的基础教育课程改革及教师教育观念的更新有重要的启示。     

教学理论知识的地方性建构——兼论教学流派的创生

“普遍主义”是一个时期教学理论研究的“具象”,它框定了教学理论研究的思维方式。“普遍主义”秉承现代知识观,是对马克思主义认识论形而上学化的产物。“地方性知识”是对“普遍主义”知识观的时代“消解”,在此,知识是“个人”的、境域的,对知识的辩护随着知识的生成过程的观念合理导引了教学理论研究的方向——教学理论研究应该倡导教学流派理念,并回归教学生活世界。     

建构主义理论对课堂教学的启示

建构主义是当代心理学中行为主义发展到认知主义以后的进一步发展。建构主义认为,知识的获得是个体的主动建构过程,而不是被动接受过程,因此应注重以学习者为中心的“互动”的学习观和教学观,它对课堂教学的启示是学习是知识的建构过程、学习方法具有不可移植性以及建立协商式的教学模式。     

知识观转型中教师主体性的回归

"照着讲"和"接着讲"体现了教师不同的知识观.理性主义知识观和经验主义知识观陷入了客体对主体的牵制和绝对主义,因而是一种权威主义知识观;建构主义知识观和后现代主义知识观则倡导主体建构和批判反思,因而是一种批判主义知识观.从权威主义知识观向批判主义知识观的转型,消失了的教师的主体性也重新得到了回归.     

课程知识:个体知识的构建与生成

对泰勒、布鲁纳、杜威、罗杰斯的课程知识观作简要述评,认为课程知识是促进学生个体经验的发展,并不断改组和改造经验,课程知识是个体知识的构建。这种课程知识观源于知识的不确定性的分析与评价。     

“智能+”时代教师学习者身份重构的联通主义理路

在“智能+”时代,学习正深刻地改变着人们的生活和思维方式,而教师职业的角色担当和责任使命迫使其率先实现学习者身份的转变。联通主义学习理论是研究开放网络时代教师学习者身份的前沿性研究视角。从教师学习者身份的内涵着手,指出传统教师学习出现教师专业自觉性淡化、教师的“教育者”传统身份式微、教师对学习者身份缺乏认同感以及教师成长跟不上时代发展等困境;并结合联通主义在知识观、学习观、课程观、教师观以及学生观等方面的核心思想,剖析出联通主义视域下的教师学习者应是自我导向的学习者、教育信息交互的连接者和知识学习的创生者,由此提出教师应主动自我更新、加强信息联结、进行节点交互和积极分享知识等具体实践路径。     

意义的生成与变型:"课程授受"的社会学释义

“课程授受”是“课程内容的授受”的简称。要分析课程授受的社会学意涵，首先必须言明究竟何谓“课程内容”。 在课程社会学的研究中，对于课程内容的理解存在两种对立的知识观，即“法定知识观”与“生成知识观”。法定知识观认为，课程内容是以经政府部门指定的或政府所设专门机构审定认可的教育文本（如教科书）的形式呈现出来的，是教师与学生开展教学活动的基本依据，因此是一种“制度性文化”与“法定性知识”［１］。“生成知识观”则认为，课程内容是教师与学生在具体的、变动不居的教学活动中共同创构的结果。因而是一种“协商性…     

强调“共同文化”寻找“个性之路”——法国学校课程改革新动向

在法国，传统的百科全书主义课程观和当前新的课程观的争论从未停止。一批人认为教育必须成为基本人权，必须促进经济发展，必须鼓励社会适应；另一批人坚持传统课程观，认为理性知识最有价值，必须教给学生尽可能多的理性知识。法国课程改革总的取向是从两端朝中间靠拢，即既强调传授“共同化”，又注重学生的自主学习和个性化发展。     

素质教育长期难以实施的教育知识观反思

素质教育长期不能取得实质性进展说明我们对应试教育的批评不得要领。本文初步认为,应试教育的问题不在于“以知识为中心”、“以智育为本位”,而在于对知识的误读,在于把知识与书本、课堂、学校等同了起来。走出应试教育困境的前提是重构新的教育知识观,这种新的教育知识观是:书本知识是知识形成并同时是生活经验得以可能的前提,而生活经验是书本知识现实化并形成完整知识的内容和途径。     

教师职前教育中“实践性知识”的获取

关于什么是教师实践性知识，有学者认为“教师的实践性知识是教师真正信奉的，拼在其教育教学实践中实际使用和表现出来的对教育教学的认识。”还有学者认为“实践性知识是指基于理论知识与教师个人经验的，在特定的教育教学情境下形成的，支配着教师具体选择与判断的综合性知识。”它不是理论性知识在实践中的直接运用，而是理论知识在与实践情境相结合中得到理解后形成的指导实践的知识系统，具有明显的情境性、个体性、默会性及综合性等特点。     

The Difficulty of Change: The Impact of Personal School Experience and Teacher Education on the Work of Beginning Language Teachers

This case‐study investigates the impact of personal school experience and initial teacher education on the work of six beginning language teachers. Insights into the thinking and acting of the subjects are gained through an interpretative analysis of their interviews. The findings indicate that one’s own school experience has an important role in constructing practical knowledge during the first years of teaching. Part of this experience is unconscious and difficult to express in words; nevertheless, it has an impact on the actions of the beginning language teacher. Furthermore, the ability of the teachers in the study to use knowledge learned during the teacher education is dependent on their ability to self‐reflect.     

知识经济与教师继续教育

知识经济时代，教育发展的一个重要趋势是终身教育，传统的一次性学校教育已不能适应经济和社会发展以及人的自身发展的要求，学习将成为人的终身需要。作为“为人师表”的教师通过继续教育之路，不断地进行知识更新和知识创新，这不仅是教师自身生存和发展的需要，也是知识经济时代的必然要求。     

Teachers’ sources of knowledge for field trip practices

Teachers draw from many personal and professional experiences when organising and leading field trips. In order to identify the influences on teachers?? field trip practices, I used surveys, interviews, artifacts and observations gathered from teachers who led trips to an aquarium. Findings clarified the types of influence and the impact that these influences had on practice. For example, teachers adapted knowledge acquired for use in their field trips from four types of training (1) informal mentoring, (2) past experience on various trips, (3) various outdoor education training and (4) traditional classroom education training. A focus was the nature of each of these training types and how teachers acquire and adapt their knowledge. Previous research has shown that, while a variety of cognitive and affective outcomes often results from field trips, there is also a pattern of underutilised resources and missed learning opportunities during trips. This study offers insight regarding strengths and weaknesses of teachers?? preparation for leading field trips by documenting how and what skills are learned and applied. Therefore the findings presented here are suggestive of ways in which efforts to formally support and enhance teachers?? trip-leading skills by means of professional development might build on teachers?? existing sources of knowledge.     

论教师实践性知识的失语与建构

教师实践性知识是教师专业知识结构的主要构成要素,关注教师实践性知识的建构是现代教师教育的重要内容。但教师实践性知识长期处于被压制受忽视的境地。狭隘的教师知识观、传统的教师文化以及难以言明的实践性知识的特性导致了教师实践性知识的失语,而运用叙事方式并结合对话和反思是构建教师实践性话语的有效方式。     

Student Evaluation in Co‐operative Learning: teacher cognitions

Abstract

This paper concerns recognition of the authority of teachers’ personal practical knowledge. An Australian teacher reports on her three‐and‐a‐half‐year collaborative study with a Canadian junior high school teacher. The research follows a line of research on teacher knowledge (Elbaz, 1983; Clandinin, 1986; Connelly & Clandinin, 1988; Clandinin & Connelly, 1995) informed by Dewey's (1938) philosophy of education based on experience. Narrative inquiry (Connelly & Clandinin, 1990) is the methodology guiding the study. A summary of five papers on teacher knowledge emerging from the study is presented. These papers show how the research knowledge is constructed as the researcher and collaborating teacher examine their narratives of experience as a means to articulating their understandings of curriculum and teacher knowledge. This dissertation research argues for recognition of teachers’ personal practical knowledge as knowledge and for recognition of collaborative research as educative for teachers. The implications of this research concern teachers authoring their development and the ways in which teachers’ knowledge is systemically denied.     

Promotion of experimental learning through peer group seminars

Peer group tutoring is defined and described as a method of organising education courses whereby pre- and in-service students and teachers learn new knowledge and skills. Its use as a means of promoting personal development, particularly with respect to communication skills, is also considered. Courses in which this mode has been used are described and evaluated and the methodology explained. The advantages and disadvantages of peer group tutoring are considered in a wider context but with special reference to the education and training of teachers. The broad conclusion is that such a methodology is very appropriate if incorporated as part of the education and training of teachers where the subject matter lends itself to it.     

让教育研究走向生活体验

传统的教育研究由于远离了个体的生活体验而丧失了生活意义。本文认为,当代教育研究应该注重生活体验,走向生活体验。也就是说,教育研究是在真实教育情境中以个体的生活体验为基础进行的研究;教育研究是研究者作为主体积极参与的一种价值负载活动;在教育研究者与研究对象之间应该建立一种平等互动的关系。因此,当代教育研究应该注重叙事研究,关注教师的个体体验和个体实践知识,在教育理论工作者与教育实践工作者之间开展广泛的合作与对话。     

Conceptualizing narrative authority: Implications for teacher education

In this paper I explore an alternative to the dominant authority of positivism in teacher education research and curricula through the conceptualization of narrative authority. Narrative authority is rooted in the personal practical knowledge of teacher education students, university teachers and classroom teachers as they interact within the contexts of teacher education. I begin by describing Dewey's conception of experience as individually continuous and socially interactive. I then discuss two ways in which knowledge is constructed from experience and describe how each Ivalues a different kind of authority. 1 then focus on the educative qualities of experience and show how narrative knowledge expressed through mundane and sacred stories can become taken-for-granted or be reconstructed through experience. Next, I describe how we can think of ourselves as authoring our lives through our narrative authority. I then consider the institutional narratives of teacher education in which sacred stories of apprenticeship, technical rationalism, and inquiry are embedded. I conclude by discussing some of the implications acknowledging narrative authority has for reshaping teacher education.     

论文化素质教育与高师素质教育

化素质是由知识，能力，情感，态度，价值观等多种因素整合而成的相对稳定的内在品质的一般休现，化素质教育就是通过知识传授，环境熏陶以及实践体验，以不断将人类优秀的化成果内化为个体相对稳定的内在品质的活动过程，把化素质教育作为一种教育观来认识，其目的是为了放大它的功能和作用。     

适应素质教育的要求塑造大学教师新形象

在实施素质教育的今天，首要的是对教育者的教育，因为教师的素质是素质教育成败的关键。素质教育对传统教师形象提出了诸多挑战。教师提高自身素质，改变个人形象，已成为当务之急。教师要不断提高文化素质和专业知识，并运用公关礼仪的知识与技巧，塑造大学教师新形象，提升人格魅力，提高教学技能，建立新型的师生关系。