汉语儿童从图像到文字的早期阅读与读写发展过程：来自早期阅读眼动及相关研究的初步证据

为了解汉语儿童从图像到文字的早期阅读与读写发展过程的特点,本研究以257名2-6岁儿童为被试,研究了（1）2-6岁儿童图画阅读的眼动发展特点,图画信息获取能力和文字阅读能力的发展特点;（2）4-6岁儿童的汉字视觉解析能力发展状况;（3）4-6岁儿童汉字视觉表现能力发展阶段。从阅读的视觉关注,汉字知觉解析和汉字视觉表现三个层面论证了汉语儿童从图像到文字的早期阅读与读写发展过程,探索了汉语儿童早期阅读和读写的视觉认知关键点,揭示了汉语儿童早期阅读和读写发展的文化独特性。     

幼儿早期识字教育研究

对于是否应该对幼儿进行识字教育,从20世纪初开始就是教育界争论的热点话题,至今没有人能给出一个明确的定论。笔者认为,婴幼儿时期是识字的关键期,幼儿大脑皮层已经具有了分析、综合能力以及幼儿识字所需具备的认知结构基础,在幼儿期可以开展识字教育。早期识字是早期阅读的重要内容,而识字教育本身就是一项全面而优越的智力活动,早期识字教育的实施可以促进幼儿智力的发展和大脑发育,激发幼儿学习汉字的兴趣,为幼儿的全面发展甚至幼儿的一生奠定良好基础。在实施过程中,教育者应该以幼儿的识字特点与认知规律为基础,采用游戏法、情景法,并在主题活动和创意阅读中进行渗透,对幼儿进行识字教育,促进幼儿的发展与提高。     

幼儿教师开展早期阅读活动前的准备

为保证早期阅读教育教学活动的效果与质量,教师应在活动开展前抓住三个重要环节:选择或改编适合幼儿阅读与欣赏的读本;认真准确深入地解读绘本;做好幼儿阅读活动前的经验准备。为此,教师必须认真考虑幼儿的年龄特征与审美需要,必须准确把握图画书的形式与内容要素,必须善于铺垫和引导幼儿想像,促进幼儿在早期阅读教育中的全面健康和谐发展。     

全阅读教育理念与儿童早期阅读

基于全语言教育的全阅读教育理念强调为幼儿早期阅读提供多重开放的阅读情境、对象与方式、途径等.遵循这一阅读理念,有助于克服当前早期阅读教育单调、枯燥,被等同于识字教育等弊端.幼儿园应在开展绘本式阅读,让儿童在阅读绘本过程中深刻体会童年意义的基础上,多组织开展环境式阅读,促进幼儿亲社会性品质的形成;在亲子共读中感受亲情的温暖与支持,形成良好的阅读习惯与浓厚的阅读兴趣;在阅读自然之书中形成亲近自然的和谐精神.     

PSYCHIATRY

This article describes the reading instructional program that first-graders in an urban school located in a large, Midwestern city received as a result of a grant initiative. Various assessments of the children's reading revealed some important areas for reading success were missing. As a result, suggestions were shared with the school staff to balance the first-grade reading curriculum. However, one confounding variable prevented the teachers’ ability to change their instruction.     

Using Literature to Support Low Literate Parents as Children’s First Literacy Teachers

Parents are viewed as children’s first literacy teachers. As such, they are often encouraged to book share and read with their young children. Low literate parents may lack not only basic reading skills, but also second order skills related to sharing books successfully. Early childhood professionals are encouraged to form a dynamic, reciprocal relationship with parents wherein everyone learns and supports the literacy needs of children. Seventeen current children’s books are reviewed and recommended for sharing with children and families.     

学前儿童早期阅读内涵解析

学前儿童的早期阅读在我国当前学前教育理论研究中日益受到重视,但在实践中,仍然存在很多错误的认识和做法。针对这一现状,本文从五个方面阐释了对学前儿童早期阅读的认识,具体包括早期阅读的意义、早期阅读的目标、早期阅读与识字的关系、早期阅读材料的选择以及早期阅读的实施,以此构建现实中的理性行为。     

Learning to read: where should early childhood educators begin?

Learning to read is a process that begins well before children commence formal schooling and well before children learn to decode print. Children's early reading skills are, first and foremost, foundationally contingent upon children's oral language and phonological awareness proficiencies – skills that can be mapped across a continuum of development from speech‐to‐print. Nine educators from Victoria, Australia, were interviewed, asked to share their understandings and planning for literacy learning when working with 2–3‐year‐old children. Findings showed that the educators exposed children to opportunities to develop their communication and oral language skills, privileging general conversation and storybook reading. However, some educators appeared unaware of the various stages of phonological awareness and/or appeared to privilege phonics over and above earlier stages of development. The authors recommend that educators, managers and course designers seeking to support young children's emergent literacy development use a framework such as the one presented in this paper to evaluate their knowledges/practices/programmes and that further, larger scale research be conducted that compares educators' interview data with what they do in practice.     

幼儿科学素养培养方法探析

幼儿科学教育是科学启蒙教育,学习科学的过程是幼儿主动探索的过程。幼儿科学素养培养方法的科学合理性至关重要,直接影响幼儿科学素养培养的成效。对科学素养内涵的认知和幼儿园科学教育的目标解析是幼儿科学教育方法的基础。观察法和模拟实验法是幼儿期孩子科学素养培养的主要方法,这些方法的实施必须遵循安全性、兴趣性、时空性和持续性原则。     

Reading aloud: A way for parents to support their children's growth in literacy

Parents can form a vital link to literacy and later school success by encouraging literacy and language modeling in their daily communication with children. This article describes a study in Head Start classrooms in Florida and North Carolina where teachers used a book lending system and high quality books which they shared with children and families. Strategies for teachers to assist parents in providing support for emergent literacy are given. Ways to help families see the importance of their practices and encourage the use of these ideas as part of their daily routines are shared.     

Investigating Classroom Discourse Surrounding Partner Reading

This study examined the functions that student talk served during partner reading events in a second grade classroom. Five major themes of talk emerged from the data including organizational, disputational, word strategy, meaning making and personal talk. All of these types of talk functioned to support partner reading except for personal talk, which occurred infrequently. The classroom teacher also provided support for these same discourses through her mini-lessons and read alouds.     

学前特殊教育:创建和谐社会不应忽视的领域

学龄前特殊幼儿处于弱势群体的底层,学前特殊教育因此成为教育公平的起点,对创建和谐社会具有重要价值。英美等发达国家都注重通过制度和经费支持,切实推动学前特殊教育的发展。我国应通过以下措施加强学前特殊教育的发展:提供经费支持,改进学前师资培养,变革学前教育机构的组织,鼓励家长和社区参与。     

LAS for Mej,Pappa——瑞典的家庭读写项目简介与启示

近年来,亲子阅读正逐渐成为国际早期阅读的重要趋势,父亲参与早期教育的重要性也日益受到关注。LAS for Mej,Pappa（爸爸,请读给我听）,是瑞典应对家庭中父亲读写能力的读写项目,致力于读写能力的发展成为关乎每个人的事情。通过为父亲提供图书资料以及进行阅读技能的指导,使参与的父亲及其孩子的读写能力都获得了发展。通过对该方案产生的背景、内容以及实施效果的介绍,笔者提出了对于我国家庭读写教育的启示。     

基于图画书特质的幼儿园图画书阅读教学策略

图画书是一种把语言与图画两种艺术表现手段很好融合在一起进行故事叙述的艺术形式.教师如果不能很好地把握图画书的这一特质,就会很容易在有关图画书的阅读教学中把文字与图画分割开来,或者把图画书当作传统看图讲述的对象,或者把图画书当作开展综合活动的引子,而忽略图画书自身独特而丰富的价值.为激发幼儿阅读图画书的兴趣,促进其自主阅读能力的发展,深化其阅读体验,教师在利用图画书开展阅读教学时,应善于利用其经过艺术处理的图像文字,进行声音和空间的再现,使幼儿产生身临其境的阅读感受;应善于抓住其中隐形的关键人物,再造有关人物形象;应能灵活运用多种翻页技巧,把握文本节奏;应关注画面细节,深度挖掘故事内涵.