他者作为自由的基础与目的——他者伦理视域中的安徽人际和谐建设

追求邻里和谐历来是中国优秀传统文化的一部分。随着现代性境域下传统伦理道德的式微与市场经济下市民社会的形成,个人主义乃至道德虚无主义盛行,他人成为自我实现目的的手段或工具。他者哲学的代表人物列维纳斯在汲取现象学中他人思想的基础上,进一步揭示他者与自我非同一的绝对他性,从而将他者作为主体自由的基础与目的,建构起责任先于自由、我为他者负责的责任主体观。从他者视域诠释中国传统文化中调节人际关系的伦理道德,不仅有助于实现传统文化的现代转型,对当代建构和谐社会、尤其是人际和谐具有重要的现实意义。     

人机关系与后人类伦理——列维纳斯他者理论下的《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》解读

《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》是美国作家菲利普·迪克于1967年发表的长篇小说。小说融合了迪克关于技术理性、人工智能、大众传媒与宗教信仰等多方面思考,以想象的方式呈现出未来科技发展的可能路径以及由此产生的一系列复杂的伦理问题。在身体与信息深度融合,人-机/物的物理界线日渐消弭的过程中,“我是谁”“我应当怎样面对‘它’”成为不断被叩问的问题。列维纳斯的他者理论中暗含着对上述问题的回应,在此视域下对《仿生人会梦见电子羊吗?》中的人-机/物关系进行解读,无疑是一条超越人-机/物二元对立、摆脱主体性焦虑、重构“人”与“非人”伦理关系的新路径。     

Encountering the philosopher as teacher: The pedagogical postures of Emmanuel Levinas

Despite growing interest in Emmanuel Levinas’s ethics in educational theory and practice, little has been done with the fact that for over 30 years Levinas served as director of a teacher education school in Paris, and that he taught classes there for more than 40 years. I attempt here to begin to fill that gap by focusing on Levinas’s classroom practices and everyday interactions with students rather than on his philosophical writings. I sketch three pedagogical postures he embodied and discuss them in relation to ongoing philosophical work in teacher education.     

官僚主义还是领导艺术——质疑《组织部新来的青年人》

《现代汉语辞典》中对官僚主义这一概念的解释为:脱离实际、脱离群众、不关心群众利益、只知发号施令而不进行调查研究的工作作风和领导作风。对照此概念分析刘世吾这一人物的形象,可以看出他的处世方式不是官僚主义而是领导艺术。这同一人物形象之所以会出现多重意义的阐释,是由于作品本身所存在的显在结构和潜在结构所决定的。     

Leading a school through change – principals’ hands-on leadership strategies in school reform

Principal’s hands-on strategies reflecting their theories of changing have a substantial effect on the development of their schools and on how the large-scale reform takes root. The study explores five comprehensive school principals’ leadership strategies during a large-scale school reform in Finland. The principals’ strategies in the middle of reform acknowledged the process nature of leading and involved coherence-making. The inclusive and learning-oriented strategies were applied quite consistently in terms of the horizontal, but not so much in the vertical coherence-making. Exclusive strategies we used to decrease teachers’ workload. Principals’ theories of changing seem to focus on creating and protecting teachers’ opportunities for meaningful learning.     

The Leadership of Transition: Correction, Conciliation and Change in South African Education

This paper focuses on educational leadership in the context of social transition to post-apartheid democracy in South Africa. Transitional leaders manifest behaviours, attitudes, values and strategies that are deeply related to the contexts within which they work. Social norms and political climate may not be supportive of educational leaders wishing to rise to the challenge of unplanned transition; however this paper focuses on leaders who take up this challenge. Narratives of three educational leaders, two white and one black, provide an understanding of the complexities and challenges involved in bringing about change that goes against the grain of social, community, or institutional expectations. Five common strands that bind the narratives of the three leaders are revealed. These commonalities are: a sense of moral purpose, a sense of human frailty, a sense of racial inclusion, a sense of political complexity, and a sense of personal growth. In conclusion, seven propositions that may form the building blocks for new ways of thinking about leadership in post conflict societies are presented.     

School leadership and social justice: Evidence from Ghana and Tanzania

Headteachers working under conditions of severe hardship in Africa face tremendous challenges, often exacerbated by a sense of hopelessness and lack of agency to effect improvements within their school. This paper focuses on notions of leadership agency and ‘social justice’ within an African educational context, with a specific focus on the school level, and reports on a small-scale research project involving primary headteachers in Ghana and Tanzania engaging with action research in order to bring about changes which they feel will benefit the quality of pupil learning. The study presents some positive impacts generated by the headteachers’ actions and indicates ways in which these actions illustrate developments in areas of ‘social justice’ related to fairness, equity, recognition, and redistribution. The findings suggest that empowering headteachers through the use of action research can enable them to act creatively and positively to benefit the quality of education offered to the pupils within their schools.     

变革型领导理论视域下的中小学管理

在基础教育改革不断深化的背景下,现代中小学科层制管理模式日益显露出官僚气氛浓重、创造力缺乏、效率低下等诸多弊病,使其难以适应丕变的教育改革环境。变革型领导理论视域下的中小学管理凸显共同愿景、开拓创新、个体关怀、德性修养、人际和谐等内容,其积极特质能够营造出和谐融洽的校园气氛,激发教师工作的积极性和创造性,有效提升学校管理效能。     

Curriculum policy reform in an era of technical accountability: ‘fixing’ curriculum,teachers and students in English schools

Abstract

Drawing on a Levinasian ethical perspective, the argument driving this paper is that the technical accountability movement currently dominating the educational system in England is less than adequate because it overlooks educators’ responsibility for ethical relations in responding to difference in respect of the other. Curriculum policy makes a significant contribution to the technical accountability culture through complicity in performativity, high-stakes testing and datafication, at the same time as constituting student and teacher subjectivities. I present two different conceptualizations of subjectivity and education, before engaging these in the analysis of data arising from an empirical study which investigated teachers’ and stakeholders’ experiences of curriculum policy reform in ‘disadvantaged’ English schools. The study’s findings demonstrate how a prescribed programme of technical curriculum regulation attempts to ‘fix’ or mend educational problems by ‘fixing’ or prescribing educational solutions. This not only denies ethical professional relations between students, teachers and parents, but also deflects responsibility for educational success from government to teachers and hastens the move from public to private educational provision. Complying with prescribed curriculum policy requirements shifts attention from broad philosophical and ethical questions about educational purpose as well as conferring a violence by assuming control over student and teacher subjectivities.     

马克斯·韦伯论“议会民主制”——理性“铁笼”的祛除与一战后德国政治生活的重建

韦伯毕生所关心的问题是理性化/官僚制与自由的关系,他试图在现代社会理性化不断推进的过程中去寻求捍卫人类自由和尊严的政治方案。以往的研究一般集中在对韦伯“领袖民主制”的探讨上,并认为领袖民主制的宪政框架无法清除极权主义要素,因而也就无法实质地去应对理性化问题。这些研究忽视了韦伯为消除德国官僚制危机而提出的另一种可能——议会民主制。韦伯设想的议会民主制体现了其试图用卡里斯玛来疗救官僚制,同时又希望用议会民主来约束卡里斯玛的良苦用心,理论层面上是比领袖民主制在应对德国官僚制所带来的自由危机方面更为合宜的选择。     

列维纳斯的他者伦理与教师的道德主体性

列维纳斯“他者”伦理中的“主体”不仅具有现代哲学中“主体”的一般内涵,同时还具有“为他性”、“伦理性”等多重特征。对教师的道德主体性有“道德代言人”、“立法者”、“道德完美主义者”这三个不同程度的要求。列维纳斯式的“道德完美主义者”对于广大教师来说,虽然难以企及,但列维纳斯的他者伦理不仅为教师对学校伦理的本质及优化的路径提供了全新的思考向度,而且会不断涵养教师的精神气质,进而引领教师道德主体性的不断提升。     

德性伦理视域下的校长领导

德性伦理是一种关注个人道德认识和道德修养,立足于个人道德品质的提高,并以实现主体自我完善和自我发展为终极目标的道德。德性伦理要求校长成为德性领导,校长德性领导应注重在真正的"人的意义世界"中展开其领导行为;要慎用权力、以德服人,重视道德领导的价值;应成为学习型领导者,并自觉提升自身领导力。     

Reading the Other: Ethics of Encounter

Most scholarly fields, at least in the humanities, have been asking the same questions about the politics of encounter for hundreds of years: Should we try to find a way to encounter an other without appropriating it, without imposing ourselves on it? Is encountering‐without‐appropriating even possible? These questions are profuse and taken up with intense interest in scholarship about the personal essay, specifically, which has often been credited as a philosophical form.

Within debates about the ethics of the personal essay, the most significant concern is about the traditionally accepted relationship of the writer‐represented‐on‐the‐page. For example, the notable rhetoric and composition scholar, David Bartholomae, argues that students of what he calls ‘“creative nonfiction” or “literary nonfiction”’ (1995, p. 68) write ‘... as though they [are] not the products of their time, politics and culture, as though they could be free, elegant, smart, independent, the owners of all that they saw’ (p. 70).

In other words, the personal essay, as a subgenre of creative or literary nonfiction, allows for the perpetuation of the fallacy that a writer can be ‘free’ of social influences, ‘independent’ of a society and of its politics, and ‘owners’ of their own perspectives and experiences—of those the writer expresses on the page, specifically. Consequently, if the writer is not conscious and critical of the social influences acting on him/her, if s/he believes the text to be the singular and uninfluenced production of his/her own self, then the topic taken up in the essay is tyrannized by the self‐centered (and dangerously un‐critically‐conscious) perspective of the writer.

However, the personal essay also has its strengths as a philosophical form: in its privileging of skepticism; in its attention to complexity and complication; and even in its existence‐as‐evidence of some quality of its writer. Too, very often essays pay homage to works of other essayists, as in the case of Gass's ‘Emerson and the Essay’, instead of mowing down other works in order to establish its own reign. Despite these ethically responsible characteristics, though, I show, using Gass's essay about Emerson's work, that the personal essay continues to be devalued because of its reliance on and celebration of its transparent relationship to its author.

In general, essayists don't complain in their work about the belief in this transparent relationship; they advocate it. Thus, my purpose is not to suggest that there is no relationship between the essayist and the essay. Rather, I will, in the latter half of the article, turn to the work of philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, which describes and enacts an approach to an other (writer/text) that does not hinge on the assumption that writer and text are in a transparent relationship to each other. I hope that in presenting this possibility for re‐thinking the essay (and its relationship to its writer), writers, scholars, and teachers of the essay—and even its opposition—will give it new attention and explore further the possibilities that it may provide for engagement, for encounter.     

当代社会转型中的教育伦理观探析——列维纳斯的他者哲学对大学教师的启示

列维纳斯的他者哲学蕴含着正义、责任、自治等概念。他提出的\"伦理学作为第一哲学\",是最优先的本体论问题,一方面对胡塞尔以来的现象学做了非常重要的补充,另一方面也批判了以个人为中心的理性主义重新估价自笛卡尔以来的法国传统哲学——强调差异性、外在性,反抗整体性、同一性。列维纳斯的他者伦理学能够引导教师去\"中心\",反对统摄性的权威,使新形势下的教育重构成为可能。同时,他的理论也会使人们重思教育的应然性与可然性,再度在伦理维度下思考社会正义、对学生的责任、主体自律和获得真正自由等问题。     

Beginning teachers’ responses to education reform agendas

National education reform agendas are increasingly prevalent in school systems around the world. Whilst we have a substantial body of research exploring the ways in which schools manage change agendas, there is less discussion of the impacts these agendas may have on beginning teachers and their retention in the profession. Here I report on a study of 14 beginning teachers at a time when two major reforms were being introduced – national standardised literacy teaching and the public reporting of those results. I describe the ways in which these reforms were experienced by the teachers and discuss the implications for school leaders seeking to support beginning teachers in their schools.     

西方质的教育领导研究的兴起及其启示

在国际范围内,教育领导研究已由过去的实证主义独尊,发展为今日的多元范式并陈。其中,质的教育领导研究已成为一股重要的力量。反观我国,教育领导研究的多元范式尚未形成,对质的研究的认识还存在颇多误区。通过回顾国际上质的教育领导研究的兴起以及国内质的研究地位的分析,本文呼吁开展更多扎根田野的质的研究,为教育领导研究探索一条新的方法论路径。