Toward a Science of Educational Computing

No abstract available for this article.     

教育心理学学科发展的动因探析

教育心理学在百年发展中，共经历了两次高潮，大大推动了教育心理学学科的发展，其发展的动因主要包括社会变革的需要、学科本身发展的需要和邻近学科的推动作用。当前教育心理学学科新发展的动因主要包括：现代化社会的需要迫使改革传统教育心理学学科体系；教育心理学理论研究的新趋势；相关学科包括脑科学、计算机技术以及科学哲学等学科的推动作用。     

成教学生学习动机及其教育对策研究

本文先对学生错综复杂的学习动机进行归类。即：求知动力型；考研动力型；求职动力型；文凭动力型和无动力型。接着对这些学习动机进行横向、纵向分析，总结出成教学生学习动机的三大特点。最后联系实际，提出了如何帮助成教学生树立正确的学习动机的几点对策。     

Teacher' Attitudes Toward Educational Computing:

No abstract available for this article.     

Fair Educational Opportunity and the Distribution of Natural Ability: Toward a Prioritarian Principle of Educational Justice

In this article, I develop and defend a prioritarian principle of justice for the distribution of educational resources. I argue that this principle should be conceptualized as directing educators to confer a general benefit, where that benefit need not be mediated by improved academic outcomes. I go on to argue that it should employ a metric of all‐things‐considered flourishing over the course of the student's lifetime. Finally, I discuss the relationship between my proposed prioritarian principle and the meritocratic principle that it is presumed to supplement.     

学生动机中的回避失败倾向与教育对策

根据阿特金森的“成就需要的四项限模型”，为数不少的学生具有强烈的回避失败的学习动机，这具体表现在学业归因、自我效能感和任务选择等方面。本文认为，学生之所以回避失败，是由于受到其自身成败经历、他人成绩信息、教师言语行为及学校奖惩机制等内外因素的共同影响，而其根本原因是要维护自尊。要改变学生回避失败的现状，避免其不良后果，关键在于教育者要更新教育理念，同时可采取改变奖惩机制、进行归因训练等具体措施。     

Toward a Critical Deliberative Strategy for Addressing Ideology in Educational Policy Processes

Is it possible and desirable to transcend ideological perspectives within educational policy research and decision making? If so, what would it entail and how should we proceed? At heart, the relation among research, ideology, and policy may be characterized as a complex and interconnected web. The common view of this web is that good social and educational policy decisions are generally made based on research evidence and largely independent of ideological positions. However, it is rather more likely that research and political ideology interact throughout the research process, from the choice of research question, to the organization that provides funding for the research, to the way that findings are interpreted and used. The purpose of this article is to propose a promising strategy that can be utilized by policymakers in the process of making educational policy decisions.     

走向教育技术的哲学研究

教育技术的发展需要哲学思维的观照与反思,教育技术哲学研究以个人的教育技术哲学、公众的教育技术哲学与专业的教育技术哲学为基本框架,以教育技术的本体论研究、价值论研究与实践论研究为主要内容。     

Toward a “Hard” Metric for Educational Utility

Education is far too costly an enterprise to operate without precise indicators of the successes and consequences of educational interventions. Unfortunately, many educational economists and educators have resisted measuring the societal impacts of educational programs, options, and interventions because a reliable and valid metric did not exist for those consequences. This article explores alternatives to the metrics utilized thus far in measuring the individually oriented “preferences” used in the conceptualization of utility, and argues that a “hard” metric which would either monetize or impute monetary values for both individual and social outcomes is both possible and useful. A hard metric is one that is independently verifiable based upon values attributed to results. While any such metric will be both imperfect and controversial, we suggest that it is more desirable to attempt its development than to take the greater risk of pretending that one is not possible. Three alternative (and related) types of educational results are suggested: products, outputs, and outcomes. Possible results-oriented indicators for each are suggested. These will serve as a basis for developing a useful hard metric for educational utility.     

The Potential of ICT for a New Educational Paradigm: Toward Generalizing Access to Knowledge

Abstract

This article both analyzes and synthesizes eleven articles from four volumes (eight issues) of the journal Distances et Savoirs published between 2003 and 2008. The authors of these articles present their research on several topics related to learners, learning, and tutoring in distance education while also working on innovation and access to knowledge. In the current article, the author has organized the syntheses/analyses around three major themes highly visible in the articles and then offers a few ideas for future research.     

Preservice Teachers' Attitudes Toward Inclusion and Toward Students with Special Educational Needs from Different Ethnic Backgrounds

Drawing on social cognition frameworks, we experimentally examined preservice teachers' implicit attitudes toward students with special educational needs (SEN) from different ethnic backgrounds and preservice teachers' explicit attitudes toward inclusive education. Preservice teachers (N = 46) completed an evaluative priming task and questionnaires. Results showed indifferent implicit attitudes toward students with SEN with immigrant backgrounds and positive implicit attitudes toward those without immigrant backgrounds. Furthermore, participants reported a high motivation to act without prejudice toward minorities but held less favorable explicit attitudes toward inclusion of students with SEN, especially students with behavioral problems. Differential patterns of implicit and explicit evaluations could bias teachers' interactions with students. Findings are discussed with respect to implications for educational practice and research.     

论后现代主义对教育发展的影响

当哲学界主流思想对现代化的成功持肯定态度时,后现代主义却对现代性的合理性进行了反思与批判。面对后现代主义的理论,传统的教育理论受到了挑战。后现代主义对于教育发展的影响主要体现在:对教育目的的重新审视;对师生关系的重新考量;对同质教育的合理性批判;对传统课程结构的质疑;对传统教育管理的颠覆。但后现代主义的“解构”、“去中心”概念等具有很大的破坏性,它仅具有“有限合理性”。     

Tertiary Educators’ Perceptions of and Attitudes Toward Emerging Educational Technologies

A small initial study aimed to find out what values, perceptions and attitudes educators from a sample tertiary faculty (the Faculty of Nursing at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia) have towards a group of new and emerging educational technologies. A questionnaire was formulated which was administered as a written survey or telephone interview. The study found that the respondents are most familiar with and have useful knowledge about CD‐ROM technology, and most are also familiar with video‐conferencing. These technologies are seen as the most potentially useful. Lack of knowledge, display/delivery equipment, and the time‐consuming nature of making such educational material are the major barriers which hinder their use of them. The study recommends further inquiry into the barriers that prevent the integration of such technologies into tertiary learning.     

Conceptualizing Debates in Learning and Educational Research: Toward a Complex Systems Conceptual Framework of Learning

This article proposes a conceptual framework of learning based on perspectives and methodologies being employed in the study of complex physical and social systems to inform educational research. We argue that the contexts in which learning occurs are complex systems with elements or agents at different levels—including neuronal, cognitive, intrapersonal, interpersonal, cultural—in which there are feedback interactions within and across levels of the systems so that collective properties arise (i.e., emerge) from the behaviors of the parts, often with properties that are not individually exhibited by those parts. We analyze the long-running cognitive versus situative learning debate and propose that a complex systems conceptual framework of learning (CSCFL) provides a principled way to achieve a theoretical rapprochement. We conclude with a consideration of more general implications of the CSCFL for educational research.     

Grammar and Grammar Teaching -- A Reflective Journal of Grammar and Communication

1 Introduction When we talk about grammar, we will usually refer to the detailed instruction rules of grammar. In China, grammar is usually taught explicitly in formal instructions, which is different from that in some western countries. So there are some controversial questions coming out: Should there be formal instruction of grammar?