图形和语音编码难度对听写困难儿童形音联结记忆的影响

听写困难是指儿童阅读正常而听写落后的现象,是一种常见的儿童学习障碍类型.本研究考察了听写困难儿童在不同条件下的形音联结记忆水平,结果发现:在图形和语音编码难度双低的条件下,听写困难儿童的形音联结记忆成绩与普通儿童没有差异;在图形编码难度高-语音编码难度低的条件下,听写困难儿童的形音联结记忆成绩落后于普通儿童;在图形编码难度低-语音编码难度高的条件下,听写困难儿童的形音联结记忆成绩与普通儿童没有差异.     

听写困难儿童对形声字的整字语义加工特点

汉语听写困难是一种常见的儿童学习障碍类型.由于汉字的主要类型是形声字,掌握形声字的形旁规则并加工整字的语义表征,会影响到字形输出成绩.实验通过语义启动范式,设计形旁透明材料和形旁不透明材料,考察听写困难儿童在两种材料中的整字语义表征水平差异.结果表明,在自然加工条件下,听写困难儿童无法快速形成整字语义表征.     

声旁规则性对留学生形声字输出能力的影响

针对各个水平的非汉字背景留学生,文章设计了一种听写任务的纸笔测试,实验材料为规则形声字与不规则形声字各10个,通过对听写正确率和偏误情况的分析,考察了形声字的规则性对留学生字形输出能力的影响。结果发现：与本族儿童不同,形声字的规则性对留学生字形输出的正确率没有表现出显著的影响,但是却影响了同声旁偏误的比例;声旁输出情况比较好,形旁则不太好。与声旁相比,形旁属于比较细微的差别,因此在字形输出的心理加工过程中,很容易处在被忽视的地位。     

儿童听写困难研究综述

听写困难是儿童学习障碍的一种,是指在没有阅读障碍病史的情况下儿童特定拼写技能明显落后的现象。已有研究发现,听写困难儿童在字形表征、形音联结强度、语音表征、语义表征与听写正常儿童存在着显著差异,未来研究应注重对听写困难纵向发展的研究、制定听写技能的发展常模、探明听写过程中各环节的转换机制和神经生理基础及影响听写活动的相关因素。     

汉字听写困难儿童视觉加工实验研究

采用视觉辨别、视觉记忆和视觉整体加工实验来探讨听写困难儿童是否存在视觉加工缺陷,分析听写困难儿童和正常儿童视觉加工水平的差异。结果显示,同正常儿童相比,听写困难儿童的视觉辨别能力水平低,而视觉记忆、视觉整合能力没有显著性差异。     

汉字听写困难儿童字形整体表征的实验研究

本研究采用汉字翻转实验探讨汉字听写困难儿童是否存在汉字翻转效应,探讨两类儿童汉字整体字形表征的质量.研究结果:对于真字,汉字听写困难儿童存在翻转效应,但是小于一般儿童的翻转效应.汉字听写困难儿童的汉字整体表征质量要比一般儿童低.对于假字,一般儿童、汉字听写困难儿童都存在翻转效应,但一般儿童的翻转效应大于汉字听写困难儿童.汉字听写困难儿童存在汉字字形的整体表征,但字形的整体表征水平不高,但不至于影响汉字认读.     

形声字的形旁和声旁

形声字是在象形字、指事字、会意字的基础上形成的,是由两个文或字复合成体,由表示意义范畴的意符(形旁)和表示声音类别的声符(声旁)组合而成.形声字是最能产的造字形式.意符一般由象形字或指事字充当,声符可以由象形字、指事字、会意字充当.     

形声字的字音和声旁

汉字有四种造字法:象形、指事、会意和形声。“现行汉字在构造上巩固并发展了以形声字为主的格局,是形声字占绝对优势的文字体系。在现行汉字里,象形、指事、会意字总计不过百分之十几,而形声字占80%左右,居主要地位。”(邢福义主编《现代汉语》,高等教育出版社)     

复合式听写对大学英语听写教学的启示

大学英语四级听力考试的“复合式听写”强调的是学生语言综合运用的能力,学生不仅要具有良好的听力能力,还应具有较强的拼写能力、记笔记能力和书面表达能力。相关学科研究及教学经验表明,学生对基本的听写技能的掌握程度影响着听写的效果。要切实提高学生的听写能力,在课堂上有针对性地提高其对听写技能的运用能力非常必要。     

复合式听写对大学英语听写教学的启示

大学英语四级听力考试的“复合式听写”强调的是学生语言综合运用的能力,学生不仅要具有良好的听力能力,还应具有较强的拼写能力、记笔记能力和书面表达能力。相关学科研究及教学经验表明,学生对基本的听写技能的掌握程度影响着听写的效果。要切实提高学生的听写能力,在课堂上有针对性地提高其对听写技能的运用能力非常必要。     

Sound links in reading and spelling with discrepancy-defined dyslexics and children with moderate learning difficulties

This study reports the effects of a highly structuredindividually administered remedial teaching programmefor children with reading difficulties. Thephonological awareness, reading accuracy and spellingattainments of 28 children diagnosed as having low IQ(Mean IQ = 66, SD = 5.3) were compared with those of29 children diagnosed as having discrepancy defineddyslexia (Mean IQ = 95, SD = 8.4). The responsivenessto intervention of each group was also compared withteacher-referred reading-delayed children matched forinitial literacy skills. For reading accuracy andphonological awareness the dyslexic group respondedmore successfully than the low IQ group. The twogroups did not differ significantly on spelling. It isargued that the reading accuracy and phonologicalawareness results are in keeping with thephonological-core variable-difference (Stanovich &Siegel 1994) model of reading disability and that thegains of all groups on all measures were such thatthere is no obvious benefit in using IQ to selectchildren for a programme of individual teaching whichcombines reading with phonological awarenesstraining.     

A pre-school training programme for children with poor phonological awareness: effects on reading and spelling

An earlier paper published in this journal described the pilot study and first two phases of a longitudinal study that examined the possibility of preventing the emergence of written language difficulties, by addressing the ability of pre-schoolers to make phonological judgements (Layton, Deeny, Upton and Tall, 1996). The literacy development of the children involved in the study was assessed when they had been in mainstream education for approximately two years. It was discovered that there were no significant differences, in terms of written language achievement, between the children who had received phonological training while in nursery school and their peers in a control group whose training programme had not featured phonological awareness activities. These findings challenge the view that training pre-schoolers to attend to the sound structure of words promotes later literacy development. The results are considered in the context of other research findings, and then the study is discussed in both quantitative and qualitative terms, with some comment on the feasibility of identifying pre-schoolers at risk for literacy failure on the basis of poor phonological awareness.     

Ocular dominance,reading and spelling: a reassessment of a measure associated with specific reading difficulties

The association of reading disability with perceptuomotor problems has had a chequered history. This study examines the relationship between a new test of ocular dominance and reading and spelling ability in a group of 323 schoolchildren. Similar rates for unfixed ocular dominance were found for poor readers as in comparable studies. The rates of unstable ocular dominance did not differ between those with reading and spelling difficulties and controls. These findings in a ‘blind’ study question the role of this test of eye dominance as a diagnosis of ‘dyslexia’.     

The impact of visual-spatial attention on reading and spelling in Chinese children

The present study investigated the associations of visual-spatial attention with word reading fluency and spelling in 92 third grade Hong Kong Chinese children. Word reading fluency was measured with a timed reading task whereas spelling was measured with a dictation task. Results showed that visual-spatial attention was a unique predictor of speeded reading accuracy (i.e., the total number of words read correctly divided by the total number of words read in a timed reading task) but not reading speed (i.e., the number of words read correctly in the same task) after controlling for age, non-verbal intelligence, morphological awareness, phonological awareness, orthographic knowledge, and rapid automatized naming. Visual-spatial attention also explained unique variance in word spelling measured with a dictation task after the same control variables. The findings of the present study suggest that visual-spatial attention is important for literacy development in Chinese children.     

The relative effects of group size on reading progress of older students with reading difficulties

This study reports findings on the relative effects from a yearlong secondary intervention contrasting large-group, small-group, and school-provided interventions emphasizing word study, vocabulary development, fluency, and comprehension with seventh- and eighth-graders with reading difficulties. Findings indicate that few statistically significant results or clinically significant gains were associated with group size or intervention. Findings also indicate that a significant acceleration of reading outcomes for seventh- and eighth-graders from high-poverty schools is unlikely to result from a 50 min daily class. Instead, the findings indicate, achieving this outcome will require more comprehensive models including more extensive intervention (e.g., more time, even smaller groups), interventions that are longer in duration (multiple years), and interventions that vary in emphasis based on specific students’ needs (e.g., increased focus on comprehension or word study).     

A synthesis of spelling and reading interventions and their effects on the spelling outcomes of students with LD

Previous research studies examining the effects of spelling and reading interventions on the spelling outcomes of students with learning disabilities (LD) are synthesized. An extensive search of the professional literature between 1995 and 2003 yielded a total of 19 intervention studies that provided spelling and reading interventions to students with LD and measured spelling outcomes. Findings revealed that spelling outcomes were consistently improved following spelling interventions that included explicit instruction with multiple practice opportunities and immediate corrective feedback after the word was misspelled. Furthermore, evidence from spelling interventions that employed assistive technology aimed at spelling in written compositions indicated positive effects on spelling outcomes.     

The relationship between the phonological strategies employed In reading and spelling

This paper summarises a longitudinal study which examined the relationship between the abilities of young children to read and spell phonologically. Empirical evidence of Bryant and Bradley (1980) and Cataldo and Ellis (1988) to show that children acquire the ability to use a phonological strategy for spelling before the ability to use an equivalent strategy for reading is confirmed. Implications for the teaching of reading are discussed.