The persistence of entrepreneurship and innovative immigrants

Ethnicity and immigration status may play a role in entrepreneurship and innovation, yet the impact of university entrepreneurship education on this relationship is under-explored. This paper examines the persistence and differences in entrepreneurship by ethnicity and nationality. We find that among Stanford alumni, Asian Americans have a higher rate of entrepreneurship than white Americans. However, non-American Asians have a substantially lower, about 12% points lower, start-up rate than Asian Americans. Such discrepancy not only holds for entrepreneurial choice but also for investing as an angel investor or venture capitalist, or utilizing Stanford networks to find funding sources or partners. Participation in Stanford University’s entrepreneurship program as a student does little to reduce this gap. The low level of parental entrepreneurship and the high degree of intergenerational correlation in entrepreneurship likely result in the lower level of entrepreneurship and participation in university entrepreneurship programs among Asians relative to their Asian American counterparts. Our findings highlight the value of immigration in terms of breaking the persistence in entrepreneurship among certain ethnic groups and promoting potential high-growth entrepreneurship in the United States. In addition, our findings may have important implications for programs to incorporate immigrant entrepreneurs within their home countries to promote entrepreneurship and help break the persistence of entrepreneurship across generations.     

Innovation persistence: Survey and case-study evidence

Evidence on the persistence of innovation sheds light on the nature of the innovation process and can guide appropriate policy development. This paper examines innovation persistence in Ireland and Northern Ireland using complementary quantitative and case-study approaches. Panel data derived from innovation surveys is used, and suggests very different results to previous analyses of innovation persistence primarily based on patents data. Product and process innovation are found to exhibit strong general persistence but we find no evidence that persistence is stronger among highly active innovators. Our quantitative evidence is most strongly consistent with a process of cumulative accumulation at plant level. Our case-studies highlight a number of factors which can either interrupt or stimulate this process including market volatility, plants’ organisational context and regulatory changes. Notably, however, the balance of influences on product and process innovation persistence differs, with product innovation persistence linked more strongly to strategic factors and process changes more often driven by market pressures.     

社会支持对创业坚持的影响研究

创业坚持作为一个复杂的决策行为,是什么因素促使创业者在其他人选择放弃的时候还能够坚持创业呢？由社会认知理论可知,创业者行为受到社会环境因素和个人因素的共同影响。本文通过问卷调查收集数据,检验社会支持、创业自我效能、创业激情和创业坚持之间的关系。结果表明,社会支持对创业坚持有显著正向影响;社会自我效能在社会支持与创业坚持之间具有中介作用;创业激情在社会支持与创业坚持之间具有中介作用。值得注意的是,创业自我效能、创业激情在社会支持与创业坚持关系间具有链式中介作用。     

高管认知、行业管制与企业创新持续性

创新持续性对于企业构建动态竞争优势具有重要意义,但如何激励企业持续创新仍是学界迫切希望解答的关键问题。基于高阶理论和认知视角,创新性地将高管认知拓展为高管认知水平和高管认知独特性,并分别通过文本分析法和文本向量法进行捕捉,从理论和实证上研究了高管认知的不同特征如何影响企业创新持续性。利用中国制造业上市公司面板数据进行检验,研究结果表明：高管对技术创新的认知度越高,越可能提升企业创新持续性;高管对技术创新的认知视角越独特,企业创新持续性显著更强,且二者具有互为增强的效果。同时,考察典型的中国特色因素—行业管制所发挥的调节作用,结果表明,行业管制水平较高时,高管认知水平和高管认知独特性对企业创新持续性的促进效果显著更弱。研究结论进一步拓展了高阶理论以及高管创新认知的特征维度,深化了不同特征的认知如何影响企业创新的研究内容,并对认识中国情境下制造业企业的创新持续性问题有现实启示。     

Building for tomorrow: Assessing the temporal persistence of text classifiers

Performance of text classification models tends to drop over time due to changes in data, which limits the lifetime of a pretrained model. Therefore an ability to predict a model’s ability to persist over time can help design models that can be effectively used over a longer period of time. In this paper, we provide a thorough discussion into the problem, establish an evaluation setup for the task. We look at this problem from a practical perspective by assessing the ability of a wide range of language models and classification algorithms to persist over time, as well as how dataset characteristics can help predict the temporal stability of different models. We perform longitudinal classification experiments on three datasets spanning between 6 and 19 years, and involving diverse tasks and types of data. By splitting the longitudinal datasets into years, we perform a comprehensive set of experiments by training and testing across data that are different numbers of years apart from each other, both in the past and in the future. This enables a gradual investigation into the impact of the temporal gap between training and test sets on the classification performance, as well as measuring the extent of the persistence over time. Through experimenting with a range of language models and algorithms, we observe a consistent trend of performance drop over time, which however differs significantly across datasets; indeed, datasets whose domain is more closed and language is more stable, such as with book reviews, exhibit a less pronounced performance drop than open-domain social media datasets where language varies significantly more. We find that one can estimate how a model will retain its performance over time based on (i) how well the model performs over a restricted time period and its extrapolation to a longer time period, and (ii) the linguistic characteristics of the dataset, such as the familiarity score between subsets from different years. Findings from these experiments have important implications for the design of text classification models with the aim of preserving performance over time.     

创业激情对创业坚持行为的影响机制研究

创业坚持被认为是创业者成功实现目标最重要的影响因素之一,但现有文献对于是什么因素使得创业者坚持或者退出知之甚少。本文在社会认知理论的基础上,构建创业激情、创业自我效能和创业坚持的关系模型,并通过实证研究发现：和谐激情与执念激情均正向影响创业坚持行为;创业自我效能在和谐激情和创业坚持行为间起完全中介作用,但在执念激情和创业坚持行为间起部分中介作用;随着先前创业经历的增加,和谐激情对于创业自我效能的正向影响不断增强,而执念激情对于创业自我效能的正向影响减弱。     

An international comparison of sectoral knowledge bases: persistence and integration in the pharmaceutical industry

This paper builds upon and extends existing studies of scientific and technological specialisation by proposing an analytical framework to compare sectoral knowledge bases across countries. It develops the concepts of knowledge persistence and knowledge integration as the relevant dimensions along which knowledge bases can be compared. Persistence is studied by analysing the evolution of specialisation over time. It hints at the cumulative, path dependent nature of learning processes. Integration is studied by analysing the evolution of specialisation across different typologies of research. It hints at the complex, non-linear interdependencies that link the scientific and technological domains. On the strength of an original database encompassing 630,000 peer-reviewed papers published between 1989 and 1996 in 11 chemistry and pharmacology-related fields across three types of research (i.e. basic, applied and development), it is argued that countries with high degrees of both persistence and integration (e.g. the US in pharmacology) are the most likely sources of useful research results for EU firms’ innovative efforts in the pharmaceutical sector. Also, some doubts are cast on the existence of a European paradox in pharmaceuticals.     

技术创新持续性对企业绩效的影响研究

本文旨在研究企业技术创新的持续性对其绩效的影响。在回顾相关理论的基础上,提出了关于创新持续性对企业绩效的影响和多元化强度对二者之间关系调节效应的基本假设,并利用201家中国制造业上市公司2006-2014年的面板数据进行实证检验。研究结果表明:(1)中国企业更重视挖掘型持续技术创新;(2)创新持续性与企业绩效之间呈现倒U型关系,二者之间的曲线关系在企业具备较高多元化强度时更加明显;(3)创新投入的持续性对创新产出的持续性有正向影响,但二者的协同对企业绩效的影响并不显著。     

基于多尺度分析理论的中国股票市场波动的实证研究

运用多尺度分析理论研究中国股票市场的波动,借助MATLAB 7.3软件的小波分析工具箱（wavelet toolbox）和广义自回归条件异方差模型工具箱（GARCH toolbox）,对上证综合指数收益率序列进行时域分析和多尺度分析,结果表明多尺度分析更能捕捉到中国股市的波动特点,明显提高GARCH模型的仿真预测精度。     

盈余持续性与公司治理实证研究——来自沪深上市公司的经验证据

目前,大量研究探讨了盈余持续性与公司价值显著关联性,而对盈余持续性与公司治理的关系研究不够深入,为寻找经验证据和丰富这方面的研究,本文以沪深A股上市公司2009年数据为基础,以实证方法考察了公司治理对企业盈余持续性的影响,通过对这些最新数据进行研究后结论为：股权结构特征对会计盈余持续性有显著影响,尤其是股权集中程度对会计盈余持续性有积极的影响作用,公司规模也是影响会计盈余持续性的重要因素。     

Detection of non-deletional type of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) condition associated with 619 bp β°-thalassemia deletion

DNA samples from a family (parents and a son) with hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) condition were subjected to amplification of a 1.214 kbp DNA fragment from β-globin gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The aim of this study was to identify the type of HPFH i.e. deletional or non deletional. Non deletional type of HPFH was identified in two samples and moreover, these samples were found to be associated with 619bp β^°-thalassemia deletion. This is the first report on the association of non deletional HPFH with 619bp β^°-thalassemia deletion.     

论图书馆与互联网的矛盾与互补

互联网的异军突起打破了传统的信息服务格局,引发了它和图书馆在服务对象、服务领域、服务时间上的矛盾和竞争,也推动了它们的发展。互联网和图书馆在相互矛盾竞争的同时相互吸引、相互融合、相互补充。面对与互联网的矛盾,图书馆服务应进行必要的调整,退出一些服务领域,实行专业化分工,建立科学采购机制,及时清理书库和数据库,引入竞争机制,以实现服务的水平、高效率、高效益。     

论信用信息的征集、使用与被授信主体权益保障

市场经济是信用经济,建立信用信息正当公开制度对促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展有极为重要的作用.个人信用信息的公开,应是全面、完整的公开.在信用信息的正当公开过程中,要考虑到被授信人的正当权益保障.     

组织知识整合效率均值和波动性的意义及其前因研究

在Grant经典评价方法基础上延展出知识整合效率的平均值和波动性维度,阐述这两个指标在不同外界环境下对于企业的不同意义。将人力资本理论与社会资本理论引入到组织资源的分析中,揭示出组织内部知识资源、关系资源、结构资源的整体值及分布特征对于组织知识整合效率均值和波动性的差异影响作用。     

论科技进步与人民利益的实现

深入分析人民利益的本质特征和基本内涵的基础上,着重探讨了科技进步与人民利益的内在联系,并围绕如何更好地发挥科技进步在实现人民利益方面的作用,从六个方面阐述了需要正确处理和有效解决的问题。     

法治建设进程与法治理念之关系考察

法治理念是法治建设的理论向导,法治建设是在法治理念指导下的法治实践,二者呈互动之态。法治理念的发展需要法治建设进程的推进以提供思想原料,而法治建设只有在选择对法治建设历史经验客观总结、理性追求和逻辑升华而形成的法治理念时才会顺利推进。社会主义法治理念与社会主义法治建设之间的关系为我们提供了考察法治建设进程与法治理念之间的关系实例参照。     

信贷歧视与中小企业融资之困分析

在我国改革开放中,中小企业得到了极大的发展。但是中小企业融资难已经成为制约其发展的瓶颈。分析了信贷市场中出现的供给导向型歧视和需求导向型歧视,并提出了解决我国中小企业融资困难的对策。