文章标记效应研究述评

文章标记效应(the effect of text signals)是近二十年来西方文章阅读心理学研究的一个热点。文章标记效应是指文章标记对文章阅读加工过程和文章信息的保持与回忆的促进效应。这一领域的研究虽然时间不长,但取得了可喜的成果,本文拟就该领域     

文章标记对英语语篇信息理解与保持的影响

本研究采用2（语篇难度）×3（文章标记类型）的实验设计,研究了文章标记对英语语篇信息理解与保持的影响。结果表明：（1）文章标记对英语语篇信息理解和保持主效应显著;（2）文章标记与英语语篇难度之间存在显著的交互作用。英语语篇容易时。标记效应不显著;英语语篇较难时,标记效应显著;（3）当阅读材料较难时,全标记条件下,被试在英语语篇信息理解和保持方面得分最高;无标记次之;半标记最低。本研究同时也给出了一些英语阅读教学启示。     

国内外文章标记效应研究述评

章标记效应是近年来阅读心理学的一个新领域，它对于揭示阅读心理加工过程的实质以及指导阅读教学的具有十分重要的意义。本对章标记的含义与分类、章标记效应及其影响因素和作用机制等几方面的研究做了简单回顾，着重对研究现状进行评价，指出今后的研究趋势和方向。     

英语阅读过程中的文章标记效应

文章标记分为强调文章结构的宏观标记和强调文章具体内容的策观标记两大类型。本文从课文学习过程中的文章标记效应、快速阅读过程中的文章标记效应、中学生做文章标记的方法三个方面进行了分析。     

第二语言和不同阅读任务下的文章标记效应

本文采用实验法探讨在第二语言背景下文章标记和阅读任务类型对文章信息理解与保持的影响。研究结果表明：在第二语言背景下,文章标记对文章信息理解与保持不存在显著性影响;不同的阅读任务（记忆任务阅读和自然阅读）对文章信息理解与保持存在显著性影响;文章标记和不同阅读任务之间不存在显著的交互作用;在不同的文章标记情况和不同的阅读任务下,阅读者对文章首尾部分信息理解与保持优于对中心部分信息的理解与保持。     

大学英语文章阅读过程中的文章标记效应浅见

大学英语文章阅读是大学英语教育教学中的重点,对教学目标的实现具有非常重要的作用。文章标记是指可以在文章的不同位置出现的,本身不给文章带来任何新内容,但能引起被试者的注意并强调文章结构或某一具体内容的词、短语、句子或特殊符号。它们对阅读内容的加工、文章内容的理解和保持有促进作用,这一现象被称为文章标记效应(effects of text signals)。该文将对大学英语文章阅读过程中的文章标记效应进行分析,并在此基础上提出一些建设性建议,以供参考。     

文章体裁对文章标记效应的影响

探讨文章阅读过程中文章体裁对文章主题信息和文章总命题信息的保持效果的影响,调查结果表明:文章体裁影响文章标记的效应,在有标记条件下,文章体裁对文章主题通达数及命题回忆总数都有显著影响。     

不同标记策略对学习困难学生阅读成绩影响的实验研究

为探讨不同标记策略对学习困难生(简称学困生)阅读成绩的影响,本研究采用实验法,选择54名学困生与学优生参与实验。结果表明:1)学优生的阅读成绩要高于学困生;2)组织结构图标记的阅读成绩显著高于其它两种标记;3)在纯文本与关键项标记两水平上,学优生阅读成绩显著高于学困生;在组织结构图标记水平上,学优生阅读成绩与学困生不存在显著性差异;4)在学困生水平上,短篇文章阅读成绩显著高于中、长篇,中篇文章阅读成绩显著高于长篇;而在学优生水平上,短篇与中篇文章阅读成绩不存在显著性差异,且二者阅读理解成绩显著高于长篇文章。结论:组织结构图标记可提高学习困难生的阅读成绩。     

训练和文章标记对文章内容保持影响的实验

采用2×2的实验设计,以102名大学生为被试,让他们阅读有标记和无标记说明文,并训练部分被试在阅读文章时主动构建文章的标记。实验的目的是探讨训练和文章标记如何影响被试对文章内容的保持。结果发现:(1)文章标记促进了被试对文章内容的保持;(2)文章标记效应的产生符合策略转换假说;(3)通过让被试在头脑中主动构建文章标记的训练,提高了他们对文章内容的保持量。     

文章标记效应的类型、产生机制研究

本文介绍了文章标记研究的来源、文章标记效应的类型 ,重点评述了文章标记效应产生机制的两类假说     

Comparative signaling generated for expository texts by 4th–8th graders: variations by text structure strategy instruction,comprehension skill,and signal word

Explicit signals of important relationships in expository texts can provide efficient processing instructions for readers with strategic knowledge about text structures. However, such signal words do not help readers without strategic knowledge about use of text structures and signal words. This study provided the first detailed investigation about the effects of structure strategy instruction on understanding several types of comparative signal words in multi-paragraph expository texts. The study, set in 41 school districts, examined four comparative signal words generated by three groups of reading comprehenders in Grades 4, 5, 7, and 8 and how such understandings were impacted by instruction with the text structure strategy. Students in classrooms randomly assigned to structure strategy instruction showed more understanding of comparative signal words than those in the business as usual control. The intervention aided 4th, 5th, and 7th graders’ generation of all signal words, but more so for the more difficult signaling words that transitioned between paragraphs. For Grade 4 the intervention helped some reading comprehension groups more than others depending on signal word difficulty. For Grade 8 the intervention increased understanding of difficult signal words, but not the easiest signal word. Males in Grade 5 using the web-based structure strategy instruction improved their generation of the easiest signal word more than females, but females improved more on the difficult signal words. The comparison text structure and its signaling words appear ideal targets for instruction at upper elementary and middle school. The findings have implications for classroom instruction about text structures.     

Text-signaling devices and their effects on reading and memory processes

Signals are writing devices that emphasize aspects of a text's content or structure without adding to the content of the the text. Findings are reviewed for studies of several different types of signaling devices, including: titles, headings, previews, overviews, summaries, typographical cues, recall sentences, number signals, importance indicators, and summary indicators. Most investigations have examined how the presence of signals in a text affects subsequent memory for the text. Virtually all types of signals produce better memory for information they cue in a text, whereas memory for unsignaled information often is unaffected. Less attention has been directed to signaling effects on other cognitive processes, such as attention, basic reading processes, and comprehension. It is argued that an understanding of how signals influence these processes will contribute to the application of signaling research to reading and writing instruction and to our general understanding of reading.     

Learning from texts: activation of information from previous texts during reading

Learning often involves integration of information from multiple texts. The aim of the current study was to determine whether relevant information from previously read texts is spontaneously activated during reading, allowing for integration between texts (experiment 1 and 2), and whether this process is related to the representation of the texts (experiment 2). In both experiments, texts with inconsistent target sentences were preceded by texts that either did or did not contain explanations that resolved the inconsistencies. In experiment 1, the reading times of the target sentences introducing inconsistencies were faster if the preceding text contained an explanation for the inconsistency than if it did not. This result demonstrates that relevant information from a prior text is spontaneously activated when the target sentence is read. In experiment 2 free recall was used to gain insight into the representation after reading. The reading time results for experiment 2 replicated the reading time results for experiment 1. However, the effects on reading times did not translate to measurable differences in text representations after reading. This research extends our knowledge about the processes involved in multiple text comprehension: Prior text information is spontaneously activated during reading, thereby enabling integration between different texts.     

The role of interest and text structure in professional reading

Students can be regarded as professional readers: they have to attend to, comprehend and remember the most important information in instructional texts, often about topics they are not readily interested in. Optimising such instructional texts has been the subject of much reading research. This research has shown robust effects for the influence of text structure: information highlighted by a strongly organising structure is retained better than seemingly less important information. Hidi and Baird (1986) suggest that such effects of structure are artefacts, because of the dullness of texts used in such experiments. They argue that readers mainly use interest instead of structure as their guide for attention and learning. In this article three related experiments using Dutch instructional texts are reported. Both interest and text structure were manipulated as within-item factors, and on-line as well as off-line methods were used to measure effects on the reading process and product. The outcomes show no support for the hypothesis of Hidi and Baird: students learn better from texts that are well structured, regardless of the interest of the text or its topic.     

Effects of student‐generated diagrams versus student‐generated summaries on conceptual understanding of causal and dynamic knowledge in plate tectonics

This research examines the beneficial effects of student‐generated diagrams versus student‐generated summaries on conceptual understanding in the domain of plate tectonics. Fifty‐eight Grade 5 students read a brief expository text about plate tectonics. During their reading of the text, students were asked to either draw diagrams, produce written summaries, or simply read the text (control). Conceptual understanding was measured by the diagrams and summaries which were generated during students' reading of the text, as well as by a posttest which assessed students' understanding of both spatial/static and causal/dynamic knowledge of the domain. Results indicated that the summaries generated during the reading of the text contained more domain‐related information than the diagrams which were generated during the reading of the text. However, on the posttest measures, the diagram group outperformed both the summary and text only groups in terms of understanding both the spatial/static as well as causal/dynamic aspects of the domain. Results are discussed with regard to the differential effects that generating diagrams as compared to generating summaries or simply reading has on both on‐line comprehension during reading and resulting conceptual understanding of the domain. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 39–53, 1999.     

Does reading medium affect processing and integration of textual and pictorial information? A multimedia eye-tracking study

This study investigated effects of reading medium (print vs. digital) on integrative processing and integrated understanding of an illustrated text on human sexuality, as well as whether reading medium indirectly affected integrated understanding via integrative processing. Participants were 100 undergraduate and graduate students in educational sciences. Integrative processing was indicated by participants’ gaze transitions between complementary textual and pictorial parts of the document during reading, and integrated understanding was indicated by participants’ integration of textual and pictorial information in post-reading written responses. Results showed that participants who read the illustrated text on paper displayed more integrative processing during reading than did participants who read exactly the same text on a computer. In turn, integrative processing positively affected comprehension performance, resulting in a mediated effect of reading medium on comprehension via integrative processing. There was no main effect of reading medium on integrated understanding, however. Also, prompting participants to pay attention to both text and illustration as well as their relationship did not have any main effects on integrative processing or integrated understanding; nor were there any interaction effects of reading medium with instructional prompt on integrative processing or integrated understanding. These results are discussed in terms of the insights they offer into reading medium effects on processing and comprehension, as well as in terms of the directions they suggest for future research in this area.     

英语阅读教学中语篇信息词的作用

文章作者以教学研究者和反思者的双重身份,以自己的课堂教学为试验基地,通过两年的实践,在英语阅读教学中有意识地强调语篇信息词在英语阅读课文中的作用。研究试验数据、教师的实际教学、问卷调查和随后的访谈都表明有意识地培养学生在英语阅读课文中关注语篇信息词,不仅可以提高学生阅读理解的效率,还可改进教师英语阅读课的教学方法和提高授课技巧。     

数字文本时代阅读教学范式转型的挑战与应对

与口头文本、“物”质文本和纸质文本相比,数字文本具有超文本性、交互共享性、虚拟性和沉浸性特征。这对阅读教学范式转型提出了挑战:线性思维与离散思维的阅读思维差异;深度阅读与浅表阅读的阅读行为层次;知识建构与情感交流的双重阅读过程。为应对这三大挑战,实现阅读素养培养,需要深化阅读思维理论研究,建构面向个体的数字阅读教科书和基于活动的阅读教学模式。     

The contribution of knowledge about anaphors,organisational signals and refutations to reading comprehension

Expository texts contain rhetorical devices that help readers to connect text ideas (within a text and with prior knowledge) and to monitor reading. Rhetorical competence addresses readers' skill in detecting, understanding and using these devices. We examined the contribution of rhetorical competence to reading comprehension on two groups of 11‐ to 13‐year‐old students: low‐level (Study 1) and high‐level (Study 2) reading skills. The measures of rhetorical competence assessed students' knowledge about anaphors, organisational signals and refutations. In both studies, each measure of rhetorical competence contributed significantly to reading comprehension once prior knowledge, working memory and decoding skills were controlled for. This contribution was higher in Study 2. Furthermore, whereas in Study 1, each measure of rhetorical competence had a unique contribution to reading comprehension when controlling for the other measures of rhetorical competence, in Study 2, only the knowledge about organisational signals and refutations had this unique contribution.