例析PCR引物的设计原则问题

<正>PCR技术是一项能在生物体外根据DNA半保留复制的原理,对目的基因的核苷酸序列进行大量复制的技术,能在短短的几个小时内,实现DNA分子百万份拷贝的复制.该技术常用于遗传病的诊断、古生物学物种亲缘关系的鉴定、DNA序列鉴定、刑事案件犯罪嫌疑人DNA比对分析、定点诱变基因、cDNA文库的构建等多个方面.近年来,随着基因工程技术的更新发展,高考试题中对于PCR引物的考查成为了一个亮点,     

DNA芯片技术及其应用

DNA芯片技术是近年发展起来的DNA分析技术，它采用高速打印或光刻合成技术可在硅片、玻璃或尼龙膜上制造DNA微阵列，样品DNA通过PCR扩增、体外转录等技术掺入荧光标记分子，与微阵列杂交后，通过荧光扫描仪扫描及计算机分析即可获得样品中大量基因序列及表达信息，该技术可应用于DNA序列测定、基因表达水平检测、基因及多态性检测、发现新基因等多个研究领域。     

基因芯片技术及其应用

生物芯片(biochip)是高密度固定在固相支持介质上的生物信息分子(如寡核苷酸、基因片段、cDNA片段或多肽、蛋白质)的微阵列。基因芯片是生物芯片的一种。基因芯片操作技术包括基因芯片的制备、靶(被检)样品制备和杂交与检测。基因芯片技术可应用于目的基因分离、DNA测序、已知基因的功能研究、基因突变的检测和基因组中的遗传多态性的检测。基因芯片技术具有理论意义和实际价值，但该技术仍有待进一步提高。     

DNA芯片技术及其应用

DNA芯片技术是近年发展起来的DNA分析技术，它采用高速打印或光刻合成技术可在硅片、玻璃或尼龙膜上制造DNA微阵列.样品DNA通过PCR扩增、体外转录等技术掺入荧光标记分子，与微阵列杂交后，通过荧光扫描仪扫描及计算机分析即可获得样品中大量基因序列及表达信息.该技术可应用于DNA序列测定、基因表达水平检测、基因及多态性检测、发现新基因等多个研究领域.     

对高中遗传疑难问题的两点认识

1基因重组问题的认识 随着科学技术的不断发展，人们对基因重组的认识也在不断进步，就其概念讲，应有广义和狭义之分。通常所说的基因重组是指狭义的基因重组，是在生物体进行有性生殖过程中，控制不同性状的基因的重新组合，所谓不同性状应指的是不同种性状，不包括一种性状的不同表现类型，即相对性状。这一过程，主要发生在性原细胞减数分裂形成生殖细胞过程中。一方面，在减数第一次分裂的前期，同源染色体联会时，由于同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体之间常常发生局部交叉互换，使染色单体上（准确地说是DNA分子内）的基因发生重新组合，即分子内控制不同性状的基因重组。     

再议基因重组

什么是基因重组？回答有多种说法。笔者认为，基因重组就是在原有基因类型的基础上，任何造成细胞基因型变化或基因在DNA分子上重排的过程。因此，就发生的层次来说，基因重组有DNA分子水平和细胞水平两个层次。DNA分子水平的基因重组，就是在原有基因类型的基础上，基因在DNA分子上发生排列顺序上的变化。细胞水平的基因重组，就是由于细胞整体的行为变化而发生的基因在整个细胞中发生重新组合的过程。因此，基因重组的结果使特定细胞中的基因种类、数量或在DNA分子上的排列顺序发生可遗传的改变，都可能会导致细胞代谢发生变化而影响生物性状的表现。     

RAPD技术及其在植物种质资源和遗传育种研究中的应用

文章综述了分子标记技术的迅速发展，指出RAPD（random amplification polymorphism DNA）技术已经在植物品种或种质鉴定，分子系统学研究和系谱分析，杂交种子遗传纯度鉴定，遗传多样性分析，体细胞杂种、突变体等的鉴定，连锁图谱的构建（分子作图），种间基因流动分析和外源导入基因追踪，基因标记，育种过程追踪等方面得到了广泛而有效的应用。     

EST技术在植物基因克隆和基因表达谱研究中的应用

表达序列标签是cDNA的部分序列，是通过对cDNA库进行大规模上次性测序而获得．对于植物研究而言，该技术已成为一种高效、经济的克隆重要植物基因的工具．而且，通过分析来自特定组织的EST库可以定量地估计该组织中各类基因的表达丰度．这种组织基因表达谱可用于阐明植物的代谢调控网络或植物对生物、非生物胁迫反应的信号转导途径．章以几个典型的实例阐释如何利用EST技术来克隆重要的植物经济性状基因及以此技术进行表达谱研究．     

啥叫“基因工程”

基因工程（geneticengineering）又称基因拼接技术和DNA重组技术,是以分子遗传学为理论基础,以分子生物学和微生物学的现代方法为手段,将不同来源的基因按预先设计的蓝图,在体外构建杂种DNA分子,然后导入活细胞,     

肥胖与减肥的分子生物学进展

肥胖已成为社会公共健康问题．随着细胞与分子生物学技术的发展和应用，c出基因、瘦素、瘦素受体及瘦素作用机制，解耦联蛋白分子及其解耦联作用机理，抵抗素基因、抵抗素分子及抵抗素的生物学效应等方面取得了重要进展，为运动减肥提供了新的科学理论依据．     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.