图书馆自由:定位及其责任主体

图书馆自由的实质是读者利用图书馆平等获取知识信息的自由权利。思想自由是图书馆自由的思想基础。图书馆自由的宗旨是维护读者的知识自由权利，而读者的知识自由权利是宪法赋予公民应该享有的权利，因此图书馆自由具有合法性基础。政府、图书馆行业组织、图书馆和图书馆人是保障图书馆自由权利的四大责任主体。     

Freedom of information and open government: The European community/union dimension

While the UK government has faced increasing pressure to introduce freedom of information legislation, freedom of information and open government are becoming crucial questions in relation to the operation of the European Community and European Union. The European Community and Union are under growing pressure to make themselves more open and “transparent” in their operations, and recent reforms have allowed greater access to Community documents by individuals. However, these reforms have left many questions unanswered, or even unaddressed, and the whole subject of national parliaments and their right to Community and Union documents is unresolved. What is emerging is a very difficult and complex set of relationships which must be addressed if the European Community and Union are to maintain credibility as democratic institutions among member states and their citizens. The author believes that achieving greater openness at the European level is vital if the Community and Union are to succeed.     

Legal Aspects of the Internet

Legal aspects of the Internet can be examined from two points of view: the solution of technical problems concerning the security of information, nets and resources; and the solution of global problems of the Internet as a part of media in a democratic society. The second aspect is the topic of this paper. How do we secure the basic democratic values on the Internet as a free and non-ideological communication site? Using the examples of some legislative initiatives concerning the Internet, the following problems are analysed: protection of the right of property, of the right of safety and of the right to freedom of speech. It is concluded that the Internet guarantees the rights and freedom of democratic societies. An analysis of state attempts to control the Internet and of problems linked to ethics among free users is provided.     

Legal Aspects of the Internet

Legal aspects of the Internet can be examined from two points of view: the solution of technical problems concerning the security of information, nets and resources; and the solution of global problems of the Internet as a part of media in a democratic society. The second aspect is the topic of this paper. How do we secure the basic democratic values on the Internet as a free and non-ideological communication site? Using the examples of some legislative initiatives concerning the Internet, the following problems are analysed: protection of the right of property, of the right of safety and of the right to freedom of speech. It is concluded that the Internet guarantees the rights and freedom of democratic societies. An analysis of state attempts to control the Internet and of problems linked to ethics among free users is provided.     

The paradox of the right to information law in Africa

Growing adoption of the right to information in Africa should, in theory, improve access to government data, reduce corruption and expand the frontiers of democracy. Yet studies demonstrate that the right to information has contributed little if not nothing to improve the fledgling democracy in Africa. This paper investigates whether the implementation of the Right To Information law in Africa is a paradox? The paper contends that that corruption, human rights abuses, restrictive media, absence of media pluralism, denial of access to information, lack of transparency and accountability continue to undermine the very ideals of Right To Information Law. To resolve this paradox, the paper argues that the passage of the right to information is just one of the democratic tests to a country and will require far more than a passage to ensure its success. It argues that making information available will not prevent corruption if the conditions for publicity and accountability are weak. The paper contends that the RTI is dependent on a number of factors which may take long period to have an impact. Political leadership, civil society involvement and a balancing act that would address both access to government records and the protection of individual privacy are possibly the cure to this growing paradox.     

Newspaper ownership in Australia

The author explores the structure of the Australian news paper industry and regulations governing ownership. He then examines the 1992 report of the government inquiry into the newspaper industry, which acknowledged that the basic cause of newspaper concentration lies in the economic nature of the industry and agreed that current concentration in the Australian press is excessive. The author argues, however, that recommendations of the government inquiry are unlikely to increase diversity of ownership or prevent future takeovers of the remaining papers not owned by the nation's two major publishers.     

强化安全意识,守住科技安全底线——以科技期刊注册ORCID为例

鉴于我国科技期刊界存在盲目宣传推广开放研究者与贡献者身份识别码(ORCID)的倾向,本文介绍了 ORCID组织搜集世界范围内各个国家、组织、个人等层面的科研相关信息的情况,它的主要目的是为其赞助商和高端会员提供会员和相关行业的各类科研领域情报素材和初步分析成果等;深入分析了 ORCID组织的身份认证存在的逻辑漏洞、对学术交流自由的损害、对各类隐私的安全的威胁和信息管理中存在的安全问题等.在此基础上,分别对国家相关部门、科研机构及科研人员、科技期刊及其办刊人等,从提高科技安全底线思维意识、加强国家政策立法监督引导,扩大全球学术交流、反对学术霸权,提高科研信息技术监管等方面提出了相关建议.     

Media Diversity Policies for the Public: Empirical Evidence Examining Exposure Diversity and Democratic Citizenship

The pursuit of media diversity as a policy goal finds its foundation in First Amendment values which assume that the public welfare requires broad dissemination of information from diverse and antagonistic sources. Using 5 waves of panel data collected during the 2008 presidential campaign in the U.S., this article empirically examines the assumption that seeking diverse and antagonistic viewpoints reflects good citizenship. The results suggest that heavy consumption of liberal and conservative viewpoints together leads to higher levels of political knowledge, but suppresses political participation. The role of news media use in democratic citizenship might depend on quantity as well as on diversity.     

Federal restrictions on the free flow of academic information and ideas

The free flow of academic information and ideas is essential to the operation of universities in the United States. Recent actions by some agencies of the federal government threaten to erode academic freedom by imposing requirements of prepublication review on government sponsored university research, restricting the access of foreign scholars to U.S. classrooms and laboratories, authorizing the secret classification of research projects after the research has been undertaken, and limiting the dissemination of sensitive but unclassified research information through a system of export controls. These regulatory policies tend to inhibit scientific innovation and intellectual exchange, and should be reconsidered before they do serious damage to important national interests.     

“图书馆权利”的一个综合性概念

目前"图书馆权利"的概念有多种说法,而法学和法律上关于权利的几种主张,主要有资格说、主张说、自由说、利益说、法力说、可能说、规范说、选择说等,更有借鉴意义。文章给出了一个综合性概念,即"图书馆权利"是规定或隐含在与图书馆有关的各种法律、规定和规范中的,实现于与图书馆有关的各种法律、规定和规范中的,读者、馆员和拟人化的图书馆等主体以相对自由的作为或不作为的方式获得自身相关利益的种种方式和手段。     

Who pays the piper? The political economy of freedom of information

If freedom of information is fundamental to contemporary democracy, why have democratic countries differed so markedly in their willingness to pass laws enshrining formal rights of access to government files? This article demonstrates that an analysis grounded in comparative political economy can provide a compelling answer to this question. Specifically, it demonstrates that the more highly coordinated a country's economy, the less transparent it is likely to be. Through a comparison of the United States and Germany, this article argues that in coordinated market economies, ongoing negotiations between the state and the peak representative bodies provide privileged access to information about the government, and indeed privileged channels of influence over government action. Public access to official files threatens this privileged access. In less coordinated economies, however, firms lack this privileged access; they are likely to favor access laws as a partial substitute, especially since such laws are more consistent with the highly fragmented and competitive environment in which they operate. By further comparing Sweden and the United Kingdom, it also demonstrates the limits of this explanation, suggesting that historical sequences and classic political variables should also be taken into account.     

我国政府危机管理中信息公开存在问题与对策

通过分析政府危机管理与政府信息公开的关系以及政府危机管理工作中政府信息公开的作用,指出我国政府信息公开存在法律体系不健全、信息公开制度不完善、危机信息管理水平低、知情权意识薄弱等问题,并针对这些问题提出相应对策,以期提高我国政府应对危机的能力和效率。     

信息自由、信息权利与公共图书馆制度

信息自由是人类的基本价值目标。信息权利是信息自由得以实现的基础保障。公共图书 馆制度是民主政府为了保障公民的信息权利而选择的一种制度安排。     

新闻理念与美国传媒的伊战报道倾向

伊拉克战争期间,我国分析美国传媒关于战争报道的文章很多,几乎所有文章都在努力证明美国传媒如何没有新闻自由。现在冷静下来查看当时的战争报道,实际情况与我们的简单判断差距甚远。本文从总体上统计分析了美国传媒战争报道倾向,认为新闻理念和职业伦理在其中起了很大作用,主要反映在传媒与公权力关系、平衡报道以及消息和言论分离三个方面。     

Censor dot gov: the Internet and press freedom 2000

The rapidly growing volume of news and information on the Internet poses immediate problems for governments intent on influencing or controlling the ideas accessible in cyberspace. Old methods of censoring news and information are being remodeled to cope with the new communication technologies. This article examines some of the new methods of controlling information flows. These legislative and juridical actions in democratic as well as less-than-democratic states belie early assumptions that the content of Internet flows would be uncontrollable by governments. To place press freedom in context worldwide, the paper includes the latest (January 2000) Freedom House assessments in 186 countries. The study found that press controls are becoming subtler and less detectable in Europe, Latin America and where “Asian values” are projected to control internal and external news and information flows. For 400 years, governments learned to censor each new medium — newspapers, radio and television — as it appeared. The paper acknowledges that the Internet provides the greatest challenge to censors, but they are striving to master electronic forms of communication. The independence of the Internet, the study concludes, becomes the newest test of a government's will to encourage and sustain a free press.     

Participatory Populism: Online Discussion Forums on Mainstream News Sites During the 2014 European Parliament Election

ABSTRACT

Online media have transformed the political news landscapes, changing not only professional journalistic practices but also the way in which citizens participate in political communication. In the debate about the impact of the Internet on democratic practices, some scholars emphasize the potential of digital media platforms to establish a medium for deliberative and inclusive democratic participation, whereas others underline the development of fragmented “echo chambers” driven by the interests of mainstream news organizations. We point to an alternative scenario in which online political communication develops in the direction of “participatory populism”, involving an unrepresentative group of users actively engaging in the delegitimization of democratic institutions. This engagement results in a collective voice that expresses high levels of negativity towards mainstream democratic politics. Through a study of user comments relating to the 2014 European Parliament election in Germany and the UK, we show how commenters express predominantly negative views towards not just the EU but also national government and mainstream opposition parties. We find, however, that the relationship between user comments and news platforms is highly contextualized. The nature of the relationship between comments and news platforms across countries thus warrants further investigation.     

获取政府信息权与政府信息公开

获取政府信息权是政府信息公开制度的法律基础。人民主权理论、知情权理论和表达自由理论,为获取政府信息权提供了合理性基础。政府信息公开制度具有促进民主、宪政和保障个人自由的价值。     

如何在网络环境下开发和利用美国政府出版物

提出在网络环境下应充分重视和开发利用美国政府出版物这一特色资源,重点介绍对社会科学研究有重要参考使用价值的网上美国政府出版物。     

Internet Information： Freedom or Security？ A Big Question

In the modern democratic society, all people should have freedom of access to, holding, and imparting various formats of information. However, many human fences have limited the freedom of access to information and the free flow of Internet communications. This paper extracts passages from selected international accords and U. S. statutes relating to the peoples fights of access to information. It also highlights many U.S. government activities relating to its national security after the September - 11 terrorist attacks and peoples reactions with regard to their consequences on the freedom of access to Internet information.