A modeling-based approach to teacher consultation: A case study

Modeling and modeling with information feedback were employed as consultation strategies to change teacher behavior. Seven trainable mentally retarded children in a self-contained, public school classroom and one teacher served as subjects of the study. Dependent measures in the study were the length of teacher commands (number of words) and student compliance rate as a function of commands. The results showed that modeling alone dramatically reduced the number of words in teacher commands, which had a concomitant effect of increasing compliance rate of the children. Modeling with informational feedback had little effect upon command length or compliance rate. The implications of these results were discussed in terms of their applicability for the training of special service personnel.     

对企业管理案例分析的几点建议

探讨高校企业管理学课程中案例的阅读与分析方法,梳理案例阅读步骤和分析的基本思路,提出管理案例阅读与分析的几个技巧。     

A systems approach to child abuse: management and treatment issues

In the systems approach certain patterns of family interaction are seen as fitting with physical abuse towards children in the family. If these interactions are blocked or changed using specific family therapy interventions, the risk of further abuse will be significantly reduced. Identifying typical patterns of interaction that fit with abuse is a useful first step in planning the management of physically abusing families. A full systemic formulation of the presenting problem will address numerous systems and sub-systems simultaneously, notably the family-professional system, the family within the extended family/friendship system, and the nuclear family. Interventions may have to be directed on a variety of these levels. The Marlborough Family Service has assessed and treated over 100 child-abusing families. A family day unit is used as the setting, and a multifamily group as the principle medium of treatment. Within the day unit real life stress situations are recreated around everyday issues, enabling families to find new and nonviolent solutions to the problems of daily life. In the cases seen, approximately one-third have resulted in a recommendation of permanent alternative family care for the children. In those families reunited, the re-injury rate has been found to be extremely low.     

Equity in education: The case of UNICEF and the need for participative debate

Equity is the most significant problem educators face. Very large inequities and inequalities persist in both education and society. Why? What can be done about them? While much has been written about these issues, progress is very slow and there is little agreement on why or what to do. While this article cannot resolve these questions, it raises five important issues concerning them: inter-agency contradictions concerning equity and global education policy; EFA and the MDGs; privatization and public-private partnerships; evidence-based policy; and the right to education. The article tackles the case of UNICEF, which has recently decided to focus its efforts on equity in education. In the conclusions which are drawn throughout, the article emphasizes the need for widespread, highly participative debates to answer the questions of why educators have made so little progress and what they can do to make more.     

成本管理的变革新思路

在企业管理上，有人把资金比作企业的“血液”，由此可见，财务管理对企业的重要程度。在新形式下，如何加强和改进财务管理，使效益最大化是企业管理者所面临的一个长期性课题。为此本刊特编发了有关财务管理的三篇文章，以期能给管理者在实际工作中有所启迪。     

中小企业专业化经营战略之探讨

企业发展以“多元化”战略为好,还是“专业化”战略为重,这是一段时间以来人们热烈讨论的焦点问题。专业化与多元化是两种不同的企业发展战略,没有好坏、优劣之分,只有适合不适合之别。     

A risk‐analysis approach to implementing web‐based assessment

Computer‐Based Assessment is a risky business. This paper proposes the use of a model for web‐based assessment systems that identifies pedagogic, operational, technical (non web‐based), web‐based and financial risks. The strategies and procedures for risk elimination or reduction arise from risk analysis and management and are the means by which the quality of the system is measured. A comparison is made between the severity of risks for non‐web based systems and web‐based systems.     

梯形模糊数的一元模糊线性回归模型的最小二乘估计

由于模糊数往往可以用梯形模糊数来逼近,因此对梯形模糊数的模糊回归模型的研究就有一定的实用价值.采用最小二乘的方法,针对应用广泛的输入为确定数、输出为梯形模糊数的一元模糊线性回归模型,讨论了该模型回归系数的最小二乘估计和误差项.当梯形模糊数退化为精确数时,该估计就是传统的最小二乘估计.数值模拟和实例研究说明了本文提出的参数估计方法的拟合度比较好.     

A linguistic and neuropsychological approach to remediation in a german case of developmental dysgraphia

There have been relatively few single case studies concerned with the remediation of spelling deficits among developmental impairments. Among these there have been a small number that targeted specific components of the spelling process and used linguistic theories as theoretical underpinning for the development of remediation procedures. This single case study examines remediation of writing skills and aims at evaluating two different lexically based intervention methods, one of which used Optimality Theory as its basis. We applied a rule-based remediation and an intervention method using whole-word forms to a child with selective impairments in the lexical-graphemic components. The investigation was done with words in which phoneme-grapheme-correspondences in word final position change due to voicing neutralization. The individual exhibited a method- and item-specific effect with respect to the rule-based method. In addition, a transfer effect to untreated items and a generalization effect to untrained but related tasks was observed. The absence of a method-specific and a generalization effect for the whole-word form intervention and the success of the rule-based method is determined by the specific cognitive component(s)s that constitute the source of the deficit and the appropriateness of Optimality Theory to address this particular deficit.     

A comprehensive approach to managing school safety: case studies in Catalonia,Spain

Background: Schools should be safe spaces for students, teaching staff and non-teaching staff. For the concept of ‘safety’ to be meaningful, it must be interpreted broadly to encompass well-being in its widest sense. A common challenge for schools and educational authorities is, therefore, to manage school safety appropriately not only to prevent physical accidents and incidents, but also with the purpose of creating an environment that promotes physical, emotional and social well-being, both individually and collectively.

Purpose: The aim of this research paper is twofold: (a) to explore the concept of safety as it is interpreted by schools and analyse the extent to which schools are committed to the goal of creating safe and healthy school environments; and (b) to identify organisational and management practices that promote the safety of school staff and users.

Design, sample and methods: The research was carried out from a qualitative perspective, based on a study of multiple cases carried out in Catalonia, Spain. The case studies (N = 9 schools) were selected by means of a purposive sampling process in order to obtain a selection of schools covering different education stages and under different types of ownership. The data collection process involved carrying out semistructured interviews (N = 39) with school principals, health and safety officers, teaching staff and non-teaching staff; focus groups with families (N = 2) and a review of general documentation and specific safety documents (N = 58). The data collected were completed and verified by means of interviews with experts (N = 3). The interviews, focus groups and notes arising from the document review were transcribed literally and analysed thematically, following a cross-case analysis structure.

Results: The data analysis indicated that creating safe and healthy environments was not always an explicitly endorsed principle or goal for schools. However, all members of the educational community were involved in ensuring adequate levels of school safety; and diverse management and organisational actions and measures were implemented to ensure physical, emotional and social safety.

Conclusions: We conclude that according to a broad interpretation of safety, which encompasses well-being in its widest sense, a comprehensive school safety management approach had not been fully adopted by schools in the studied sample. Whilst involvement in safety practices was evident, many actions appeared to be carried out without full consideration of the wider promotion of school safety. The study suggests the importance of training and awareness activities for education professionals in order to build and promote safety culture and to facilitate the introduction of a comprehensive school safety approach in the day-to-day management of schools.     

An approach to ethical practice in management and trainer training

This paper notes the recent rise in the number of courses, conferences, and publications devoted to the issue of ethics. It considers two different approaches to ethical training, one deduced from first philosophical principles of social ethics, and the other based on case studies of practical issues. The paper argues that a combination of both approaches is necessary to ensure situational applicability, whilst guarding against criticisms of moral relativism and expediency. In addition, the paper argues for an understanding of, and commitment to, personal integrity in professional practice.