Integrating the light and dark sides of student engagement using person-oriented and situation-specific approaches

This study contributes to the research on student engagement in three ways: 1) by combining questionnaire and situational measures of engagement using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), 2) by applying a demands-resources model to describe the positive and negative aspects of student engagement, and 3) by adopting a person-oriented approach to describe subgroups of students with different profiles of engagement and burnout symptoms. Two studies were conducted: sample one comprised 255 US high school students (45.5% female, 9th – 12th grade), and sample two 188 Finnish comprehensive and high school students (59.6% female, 9th to 10th grade). Latent profile analyses (LPA) of person-level measures of schoolwork engagement and burnout in the US and Finland revealed four profiles: 1) engaged, 2) engaged-exhausted, 3) moderately burned out (risk for burnout) and 4) burned out. These four groups were identified in both samples, but differed in their prevalence. The groups differed in their state experiences of situational demands, resources and engagement at school. Engagement is not wholly an experience of ‘flourishing’: some students experienced elevated levels of both engagement and burnout. Thus, positive and negative aspects of engagement should be studied and modeled together.     

Parenting behaviors and preschool children's social and emotional skills: A question of the consequential validity of traditional parenting constructs for low-income African Americans

Few researchers have questioned the validity of traditional parenting dimensions (based largely on Baumrind's [Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43–88; Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology, 4, 1–103] work) with economically and ethnically diverse groups, despite the fact that evidence for the utility of these dimensions for predicting child and youth outcomes is equivocal. In this paper, we report on the findings from two independent studies by which we examined the relationship of traditional parenting constructs to children's social–emotional competencies among low-income, urban-residing African American preschool families with measures validated specifically for use with this population. In Study 1, 184 children and their families participated, whereas 210 children and their families participated in Study 2. Contrary to our hypotheses, across these two studies, findings failed to indicate significant relationships between constructs of parenting and children's social and emotional skills. Findings call into question the consequential validity of these constructs for this group and highlight inconsistencies among the larger body of parenting work. Implications for future theory-building and parenting research are discussed.     

Paired reading: a structured approach to raising attainment in literacy

Competency in reading is a key factor in literacy attainment. If pupils can read proficiently this allows them to access the curriculum in all subjects and helps them to become confident, successful, motivated learners. Paired reading has long been recognised as an effective approach for supporting reading in schools. It helps to build relationships and encourages self-esteem and motivation. By the pupil reading aloud, either independently or in tandem with their partner, they gain confidence and research suggests that fluency and accuracy improve. However, for pupils who have gaps in their phonological knowledge this approach has limited success as it relies almost exclusively on visual or auditory memory. This research looks at a more structured approach to paired reading that combines both the 'look-say' approach (whole word recognition) of the more traditional paired reading programmes with phonic teaching, to create a tool to improve reading.     

A mediational model of the association between socioeconomic status and three-year-old language abilities: the role of parenting factors

The mechanisms through which socioeconomic status (SES) influences three-year-old expressive and receptive language abilities were examined in a sample of 1016 families from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that maternal sensitivity and cognitive stimulation were significant partial mediators of the relation between SES and verbal comprehension, expressive language, and receptive verbal conceptual abilities. Path analyses revealed that a unified model including both parenting factors and distal SES factors demonstrated solid fit indices. Implications for research and intervention are discussed.     

Maternal and paternal similarities and differences in parenting: An examination of Mexican-American parents of young children

The present study evaluated the degree of parental similarity–dissimilarity across parenting dimensions operationalized in terms of: (1) one's own and one's partner's style; (2) meta-emotion belief structures; (3) behavioral strategies in reaction to children's emotions; as well as (4) parental support and responsiveness. The first four dimensions were assessed with independent self-reports from both mothers and fathers and the latter was measured through observed behaviors in a discussion of emotions. Fifty-seven families participated. The mothers (92%) and fathers (90%) of preschool-aged children (mean age 57.5 months, 54% male) were predominantly of Mexican descent. Results revealed significant similarity when comparing mothers’ and fathers’ observed behaviors. Agreement among parents also emerged when comparing minimizing coping reactions to children's emotional displays and self-reported and reports of one's partner's authoritative parenting. Despite evidence of agreement on use of authoritative strategies and similarity on observed behaviors, comparisons of mean levels revealed dissimilarity. The participating mothers reported a greater tendency to employ authoritative strategies and their partners’ ratings of the mothers’ parenting confirmed this perceived difference. In addition, comparisons of mothers’ and fathers’ observed behaviors in interaction with their children suggested that, while mothers and fathers are engaged in similar behaviors, mothers are observed to engage in them more frequently. These results reinforce the need to assess both parents, employing multiple methods, in determining interdependence or their combined and unique contributions to socializing children.     

Mothers' parenting practices and adolescents' learning from their mistakes in class: The mediating role of adolescent's self-disclosure

This study examined 126 students' (14–16 years of age; 66 females) perceptions of self-disclosure to their mothers with respect to their mistakes in class activities. Specifically, we hypothesized that self-disclosure would predict adolescents' ability to learn from mistakes they made in classroom tasks. In addition, we hypothesized that perceived mothers' love withdrawal would correlate negatively with adolescents' self-disclosure, whereas perceived autonomy support would correlate positively with self-disclosure. Further, we hypothesized that the effect of mothers' parenting practices on adolescents' ability to learn from their mistakes would be mediated by adolescents' self-disclosure of their school experiences. Results, using SEM analyses, showed the importance of mothers' autonomy support for adolescents' self-disclosure and learning from their mistakes in classroom tasks.     

二语习得补缺法

二语习得过程就是学习者形成自己中介语的过程。学习者利用补缺法,不断对自己的中介语进行修正、补充、建构,使其接近于目标语者的母语水平。这一过程分为注意、选择、补充三个阶段。该方法的意义在于能解决部分二语习得理论中的难题,能弥补克拉申输入理论的不足,能提高输入转化为吸收的效率。     

Effect of conceptual change approach accompanied with concept mapping on understanding of solution concepts

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of conceptual change texts accompanied with concept mapping instruction, compared to traditional instruction (TI), on 8th grade students understanding of solution concepts and their attitudes toward science as a school subject. Solution Concept Test was developed as a result of examination of related literature and interviews with teachers regarding their observations of students difficulties. The test was administered to a total of 64 eighth grade students from two classes of a general science course, taught by the same teacher. The experimental group received the conceptual change texts accompanied with concept mapping in a lecture by the teacher. This instruction explicitly dealt with students misconceptions. It was designed to suggest conditions in which misconceptions could be replaced by scientific conceptions and new conceptions could be integrated with existing conceptions. The control group received TI in which the teacher provided instruction through lecture and discussion methods. The results showed that conceptual change text accompanied with concept mapping instruction caused a significantly better acquisition of scientific conceptions related to solution concept and produced significantly higher positive attitudes toward science as a school subject than the TI. In addition, logical thinking ability and prior learning were strong predictors for the concept learning related to solution.     

成果教学法的改进及其在英语写作教学中的应用

我国的大学英语写作教学一直都在摸索一条省时高效的教学模式。过程教学法和任务教学法继成果教学法后在英语写作教学中备受关注。但是,结合我国英语写作教学现状和笔者的教学实践,笔者认为,与过程教学法和任务教学法相比,备受冷落的传统的成果教学法可以更好地与当今的写作教学实际相结合,并能在课堂上发挥其应有的作用。     

功能翻译视角下的安徽旅游公示语英译研究

为深化安徽旅游强省战略,加大旅游资源的推广和提升安徽旅游的形象,对安徽旅游公示语翻译现状进行调查,发现问题主要集中在拼写错误、语法错误、中式英语、文化失误和译名不统一五个方面.功能翻译理论指导下的旅游公示语翻译能够实现译文的预期目的和功能,做到以译文读者为目标,以目的语言文化为取向,在翻译操作层面具有很强的指导性.同时,安徽旅游公示语翻译的规范化还要加强管理层面的工作,如设立专业管理部门、建立安徽《公共场所英文译写规范》地方标准和鼓励社会监督.     

论成人教育的科学研究方法

研究成人教育的科学研究方法,对开展成人教育科学研究是十分必要的。在成人教育科学研究中,经常采用的方法主要有：历史研究法,调查研究法,比较研究法,实验研究法。研究者可根据自己的研究课题,选择不同的研究方法。     

A multilevel approach to understanding student and teacher perceptions of classroom support during early adolescence

Learning Environments Research - Supportive classroom environments are associated with improved student outcomes, particularly during early adolescence (ages 10–14 years). Applying...     

一种定位以太网控制器的新方法

随着网络技术的发展,以太网以其传输速度高、低耗、易于安装和兼容性好等优势,开始逐步进入工业控制领域。近年来在运动控制器领域新推出的基于以太网接口的独立式运动控制器就是以太网在工业控制领域的典型应用之一。此种应用场合,主控机和运动控制器均通过互联网作物理连接。主控机与控制器之间的指令和数据传输则须遵循以太网的通讯协议。由于主控机和目标运动控制器所处的网段可能连接有数百台网络设备,在传输指令和数据之前,必须解决在这数百台网络设备中找出所要控制的目标运动控制器,以便进一步实现主控机对目标运动控制器一对一地连接和控制。其中查找该目标运动控制器所耗的时间直接影响到运动控制器的控制速度和效率。本文在研究基于ICMP协议（Internet Control Message Protocol）和ARP协议（Address Resolution Protocol）的网络设备查找方法基础上,提出了一种新的高效、稳定的以太网控制器定位方法,并给出了相应的实验结果。     

User/tutor optimal learning path in e-learning using comprehensive neuro-fuzzy approach

Internet evolution has affected all industrial, commercial, and especially learning activities in the new context of e-learning. Due to cost, time, or flexibility e-learning has been adopted by participators as an alternative training method. By development of computer-based devices and new methods of teaching, e-learning has emerged. The effectiveness of such programs is dependent on powerful learning management systems. In this paper, a neuro-fuzzy approach is proposed based on an evolutionary technique to obtain an optimal learning path for both instructor and learner. The neuro-fuzzy synergy allows the diagnostic model to imitate instructor in diagnosing learners’ characteristics, and equips the intelligent learning environment with reasoning capabilities. These reasoning capabilities can be used to drive pedagogical decisions based on the learning style of the learner. The neuro-fuzzy implementation helps to encode both structured and non-structured knowledge for the instructor. On the other hand, for learners, the neural network approach has been applied to make personalized curriculum profile based on individual learner requirements in a fuzzy environment.     

地方高校教师在岗培训的新途径

在我国高等教育大众化快速发展时期,地方高校师资呈快速增长态势.为提高教学质量,青年教师在岗培训成为一个重要问题.本文分析了地方高校原有教师在岗培训方式的弊端及其原因,提出了地方高校教师为适应大众化教育发展要求的在岗培训新途径.     

A Genre-Based Approach to the Teaching of Writing

The essay explains why the writing skill is often perceived to be the most difficult language skill to master; to what extent can a genre approach to teaching writing help students master the skill of writing compare briefly to other skills such as product approach and process approach; and introduce a new approach process-genre approach.     

A two-step approach to investigate the effect of rating curve uncertainty in the Elbe decision support system

For river basin management, the reliability of the rating curves mainly depends on the accuracy and time period of the observed discharge and water level data. In the Elbe decision support system （DSS）, the rating curves are combined with the HEC-6 model to investigate the effects of river engineering measures on the Elbe River system. In such situations, the uncertainty originating from the HEC-6 model is of significant importance for the reliability of the rating curves and the corresponding DSS results. This paper proposes a two-step approach to analyze the uncertainty in the rating curves and propagate it into the Elbe DSS： analytic method and Latin Hypercube simulation. Via this approach the uncertainty and sensitivity of model outputs to input parameters are successfully investigated. The results show that the proposed approach is very efficient in investigating the effect of uncertainty and can play an important role in improving decision-making under uncertainty.     

对《红领巾》教学的重新认识

1953年的《红领巾》教学是建国后第一次对语教学改革的探索和研讨,对当时和以后的中学语教学产生了广泛而深远的影响。重新认识,全面评价《红领巾》教学,总结其经验教训,能给我们提供更多的借鉴和启示。     

问题解决教学在数学教学中的实践

“问题解决”教学是实施素质教育,进行数学教育改革的一种有效教学模式。在数学课堂教学中如果能根据教学目标,设计并提出系列具有趣味和魅力的问题和任务,向学生提出智力挑战,引起学生的思考,将激发学生参与整个教学过程,最终达到学生主动发现、积极探索,深层次理解并掌握和应用隐含于问题背后的知识,提高解决问题的能力。     

义务教育阶段数学思想方法教学的意义和途径

数学思想方法是每一个公民应该具备的数学素养。在义务教育阶段进行数学思想方法教学对学生的终身发展具有重要作用,进行数学思想方法教学主要有两种途径,一是通过纯数学知识的学习,逐步使学生理解和掌握数学思想方法;二是通过解决实际问题使学生在掌握数学内容的同时,形成那些对人的素质有促进作用的基本数学思想方法。