学业评价标准研究:内涵、范式与策略

学业评价标准是对国家课程标准所求的学生学习行为表现目标测度的具体量规,其范畴体系是一个与课程标准、内容标准和表现标准相匹配的综合评估系统。一个比较完备的学业评价标准实施方案应由评价目标、评价内容、评价范围求和评价方法等素组成。研制学业评价标准,需考虑两大匹配因素:一是与国家、地方和校本课程的学习目标相一致;二是与国家基础教育质量监测目标所确立的学生发展水平相吻合。学业评价标准的建构需制度立法,基本途径是解读国家课程标准,深入研究教材,并遵照国情,加强本土化研究,且需根据地方和学校教育实际,制定多层面的评价标准,并在实践中不断修正。     

美国公立学校优秀教师激励体系及其评价

20世纪80年代以来，美国政府和教育机构为吸引、培养和挽留公立学校的优秀教师，在评估和激励机制方面进行了许多有益的探索。美国现行优秀教师激励体系大致可归纳为四个部分：优秀教师的国家级评价和标准、州级优秀教师评估标准和相应激励措施、把教师的工作表现与工资报酬紧密联系的教师报酬制度以及联邦、州政府和学区对优秀教师所授予的各种荣誉。该体系无疑也为我国优秀教师的培养和激励提供了制度上的借鉴。     

A Fair Comparison? The Evolution of Methods of Comparability in National Assessment

Comparability is a term used in educational assessment to describe the relative outcomes of one assessment against another. It is investigated in order to inform the Awarding Bodies, centres, candidates and the general public about the extent to which standards are consistent between assessments. The purpose of this paper is to demystify some technical aspects of how national assessment standards are guarded, by making details of these methods of comparability accessible to practitioners, managers, policy makers and researchers. In doing so, the authors review the use and techniques of comparability, describe the methodology currently in use, and discuss its application towards ensuring justice within national assessment.     

Assessment for learning in the accountability era: Queensland, Australia

Developments in school education in Australia over the past decade have witnessed the rise of national efforts to reform curriculum, assessment and reporting. Constitutionally the power to decide on curriculum matters still resides with the States. Higher stakes in assessment, brought about by national testing and international comparative analyses of student achievement data, have challenged State efforts to maintain the emphasis on assessment to promote learning while fulfilling accountability demands. In this article lessons from the Queensland experience indicate that it is important to build teachers’ assessment capacity and their assessment literacy for the promotion of student learning. It is argued that teacher assessment can be a source of dependable results through moderation practice. The Queensland Studies Authority has recognised and supported the development of teacher assessment and moderation practice in the context of standards-driven, national reform. Recent research findings explain how the focus on learning can be maintained by avoiding an over-interpretation of test results in terms of innate ability and limitations and by encouraging teachers to adopt more tailored diagnosis of assessment data to address equity through a focus on achievement for all. Such efforts are challenged as political pressures related to the Australian government's implementation of national testing and national partnership funding arrangements tied to the performance of students at or below minimum standards become increasingly apparent.     

Constructs of writing proficiency in US state and national writing assessments: Exploring variability

Persistent gaps between optimistic state and pessimistic national academic performance assessment results are increasingly leading to calls for unified national standards in the US. Critics argue that these gaps reveal vast differences in how proficiency is conceptualized; however, little is known about how conceptualizations compare among large-scale US assessments. To explore this issue, the present study investigated constructs of writing proficiency implicated in 41 US state and national high school direct writing assessments by analyzing the relationships between prompt-genre demands and assessment scoring criteria. Results of this analysis suggest that national writing assessments differ as a group from state assessments in the extent to which they emphasize genre distinctions and present coherent conceptualizations of writing proficiency. The implications of these assessment variations for college preparedness are discussed.     

Assessment-based curriculum: globalising and enterprising culture,human capital and teacher–technicians in Aotearoa New Zealand

Abstract

This policy chronology traces the institution of globalised school curriculum and assessment discourses, as a vernacular and specific form of public rationalisation and educational governmentality in Aotearoa New Zealand. Without functional national standards or national testing, official discourses constructed an assessment-driven framework as a public measurement and performance regime. Drawing on Michel Foucault’s ‘toolkit’, this genealogy traces attempts by the government’s review and audit agency (the ERO), to lift achievement through establishing national standards, normalising assessment and strengthening market-managerial accountabilities. Therapeutic technologies of personal re/development supplemented the above through managed literacy partnerships. This was the basis for the managed reprofessionalisation of techno-entrepreneurial teachers around stipulated, data-driven and measured performances. The paper examines the centrality of the New Zealand Curriculum Framework to the reconstruction of an Enterprise Culture and the psycho-cognitive re/making and re/moralisation of individuals as responsibilised, self-managing and calculative. It posits that within a busnocratic rationality (merging business, entrepreneurial and technical-management), a calculative governmentality required educational data-systems for future population knowledge and control. The genealogy demonstrates the inextricable connection between ‘public’ rationalities, technologies of control and the re/construction of ‘private’ identity, subjectivity and ethics, under neoliberal governmentality.     

中小企业秘书绩效考核现状的调查与思考

在对天津市中小型企业秘书人员的绩效考核现状进行调研的基础上．分析了当前秘书人员绩效考核内容、考核标准、考核方法、考核程序和考核结果应用方面的现状．并针对其中存在的问题,提出了相应对策：进一步明确绩效考核的目的,加强人事管理的基础工作．系统设计绩效考核体系,强化绩效考核结果应用。     

Strengthening the Preparation of Early Childhood Teacher Candidates Through Performance-Based Assessments

Performance-based assessments require teacher candidates to demonstrate proficiency on specific teaching tasks and apply knowledge in authentic settings. This article describes the development and use of performance-based assessments (PBAs) for advancing the learning and evaluation of teacher candidates in an early childhood special education teacher preparation program. Teacher candidates completed PBAs under supervision during culminating practica experiences at three age levels (infant/toddler, preschool, and primary practicum). Methods for determining proficiency on national (Council for Exceptional Children) and state (Colorado teacher licensure) standards are described, along with the challenges and opportunities presented by the use of PBAs. Performance-based assessment data over a 5-year period indicate teacher candidate performance meeting and exceeding national standards and state licensure requirements.     

Creating profits by creating failures: standards,markets, and inequality in education

Serious questions need to be raised about the educational ‘reforms’ now underway in a number of nations. Research largely on the English and American experience(s) are used to document some of the hidden negative effects of two connected strategies of reform: neoliberal policies for marketization and neo-conservative policies for imposing national curricula, national standards, and national testing. The combination of these reforms has led to an increase not a decrease in inequalities. Among its results are the production of both a ‘thin’ version of dominant pedagogical and curricular forms and of the social privileges that accompany them.     

Academic Standards and the Assessment of Student Learning: Some Current Issues in Australian Higher Education

This paper reports a recent national studyby the Centre for the Study of HigherEducation into contemporary practices in studentassessment in Australian higher education and theissues of quality assurance facing thesector in the light of public speculationand concern about academic standards. Amajor issue emerging from the project isthe importance of defining the relationshipsbetween approaches to student assessment andgrading, quality assurance and academic standards. The paper discusses the issues surrounding academicstandards in Australia in the context ofthe new national framework for highereducation quality assurance and the role of theAustralian Universities Quality Agency (AUQA).     

中小学生学业评价标准的实验研究

中小学生学科学业评价标准主由表现标准评价方法建议评价样例和学生作品及其评分四个部分构成。各学科评价标准在学校进行了试用,以检验其科学性和可行性,并为修改评价标准收集实验证据。本文报告这一阶段的研究设计、过程和主结果,并讨论本研究所引发的几点思考。     

Assessment literacy and student learning: the case for explicitly developing students ‘assessment literacy’

In this paper, we report on a study to quantify the impact on student learning and on student assessment literacy of a brief assessment literacy intervention. We first define ‘assessment literacy’ then report on the development and validation of an assessment literacy measurement instrument. Using a pseudo-experimental design, we quantified the impact of an assessment literacy-building intervention on students’ assessment literacy levels and on their subsequent performance on an assessment task. The intervention involved students in the experimental condition analysing, discussing and applying an assessment rubric to actual examples of student work that exemplified extremes of standards of performance on the task (e.g. poor, excellent). Results showed that such a procedure could be expected to impact positively on assessment literacy levels and on student performance (on a similar or related task). Regression analyses indicated that the greatest predictor of enhanced student marks (on the assessment task that was the subject of the experiment), was the development of their ability to judge standards of performance on student work created in response to a similar task. The intervention took just 50 minutes indicating a good educational return on the pedagogical investment.     

‘Special sport’ for misfits and losers: educational triage and the constitution of schooled subjectivities

This paper investigates the recent move by the federal government in Australia to manage more closely the primary sector of education through the use of national performance standards. The increasing importance placed on such benchmarks in Years 3, 5 and 7 raises questions about the perceived need to survey and thereby manage the education systems by using this technology as a means of achieving the goals of performativity - accountability and competition. Setting this agenda in a globalized context, it is acknowledged that although the mechanisms for setting and raising standards are very different across the world, the discourse resonates. The paper documents the specifically Australian, and more particularly Queensland, responses to the culture of performance. In this imperative to improve educational outcomes by using national tests, the paper raises persistent questions about the suitability of such tests for children who, for a host of reasons, are different from the monocultural able-bodied mainstream. Through its argument that inclusive practices in primary education are being jeopardized by creeping standardization practices, and despite policy rhetoric to the contrary, the paper demonstrates the seemingly unstoppable forces of performativity evidenced through national standards.     

国家专业标准视阈下教师专业能力的意蕴、框架及培养策略

国家教师专业标准对实践中的教师专业能力培养提出鲜明的价值导向和具体的评价标准。然而国家教师专业标准中所包含的教师能力体系并未完整准确地概括教师专业能力的全部领域,较为明显地存在见物不见人的倾向,根据国家教师专业标准和教师专业发展基本要求,重新厘定教师专业能力内涵,构建全面科学的教师专业能力框架体系,探讨其培养策略具有重要的实践价值。     

北爱尔兰义务教育阶段新课程的内容与特色

1999年北爱尔兰开始实施课程改革,2007年颁布了法定的课程。本文从课程的理念和目标、学习领域、能力与技能、教学评价等方面概述了北爱尔兰义务教育阶段新课程的主要内容,总结出了其新课程的特色,即注重课程的平衡,密切联系社会生活,为了学习的评价。     

The International Dimension in Quality Assessment and Quality Assurance

Many countries are working on the design of an external quality assessment agency for higher education. Such an agency has to fulfil national needs and expectations. However, higher education is as such international in scope. This paper draws attention to the need for internationalisation of quality assessment. The national frontiers are too narrow for validating our standards. Looking at the situation in Europe, the author discusses the need for a European dimension and makes a proposal for a European Centre for Substantial Equivalence. In the future a European or international quality hallmark will play an important role in student mobility, staff mobility and the mobility of employees.     

建立学业评价标准 促进课程教学改革

为解决课程标准和学生评价存在的问题、促进课程教学改革,建议建立学业评价标准。学业评价标准对教师进行教学与评价、提高日常学生评价的信度和效度、促进高利害考试的改革、国家教育质量监测、教材编写都具有积极意义。在综合分析借鉴表现标准和国际大型学业评价项目研究成果的基础上,提出研制我国学业评价标准的构想,并简要介绍了学业评价标准研制的初步成果。     

美国基于共同核心州立标准的评估系统述评

为加快提高学生的学业成绩,美国力争上游项目拟利用财政杠杆,促使各州采纳共同核心州立标准,开发并采用基于该标准的新一代评估系统.该系统主要运用表现性任务、技术提升型试题和自动评分引擎,旨在精确测量学生学业成绩及进步情况,促进学生的学习,并为确定学校效能、校长和教师的效率提供有用的信息.本文分析了新一代评估系统出台背景、特点及其模型,并探讨了开发该系统所面临的挑战,以期为我国制定基于标准的教育考试提供参考.     

Is the World Bank education policy adequate for fighting poverty? Some evidence from Latin America

This paper focuses on the relationship between the World Bank’s education policy and the recent anti-poverty priorities and strategies that shape the present Bank’s agenda for development. The paper provides a critical assessment of the explicit strategies of the World Bank’s education policies aimed at fighting poverty by identifying the contradictions embedded in anti-poverty discourses and strategies, and relating them to an education policy that generates inequalities and shows little effectiveness in helping people to escape from poverty. This analysis is applied to the situation of Latin American education systems, which have, during the last decade, experienced an important expansion but have also maintained strong inequalities in educational performance and access to post-compulsory education.     

Performance-based university funding and the drive towards ‘institutional meritocracy’ in Italy

Many countries, including Italy, are increasingly managing their public higher education systems in accordance with the New Public Management principle that private-sector management practices improve efficiency and quality. A key mechanism has been the introduction of performance-based funding systems designed to reward ‘high-performing’ institutions and incentivise ‘lesser-performing’ institutions to improve. Instead of improving efficiency and quality across the board, however, we argue that performance-based funding systems naturalise longstanding structurally determined inequalities between institutions by recasting national higher education systems as competitive institutional meritocracies in which institutional inequalities are redefined as objective indicators of intrinsic ‘merit’ or worth. We illustrate how performance-based university funding systems naturalise pre-existing inequalities between universities drawing on the case of Italy, a country characterised by longstanding inequalities between its northern and southern regions which demonstrably impact on the apparent ‘performance’ of universities. The concept of institutional meritocracy captures the illusory nature of this performance game.