Family violence exposure and associated risk factors for child PTSD in a Mexican sample

This study was undertaken in an effort to help illuminate the deleterious effects of traumatic stress on children and families in Mexico. Rates of exposure to traumatic events, family and community violence, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were investigated in 87 school-age children and their mothers. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine potential family and ecological risk factors for the presence of child PTSD. A total of 51 children (58.6%) reported an event that met the DSM-IV A criteria, and 36 children (41.4%; 20 boys and 16 girls) met criteria for full PTSD. Traumatic exposure in this sample was considerable, particularly intense, and chronic as a result of interpersonal violence in the home and community. Results support the need for preventive systemic interventions targeting the individual level, parent–child dyadic level, and the larger cultural and community context.     

A pilot study of a family focused,psychosocial intervention with war-exposed youth at risk of attack and abduction in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Rural communities in the Haut-Uele Province of northern Democratic Republic of Congo live in constant danger of attack and/or abduction by units of the Lord's Resistance Army operating in the region. This pilot study sought to develop and evaluate a community-participative psychosocial intervention involving life skills and relaxation training and Mobile Cinema screenings with this war-affected population living under current threat. 159 war-affected children and young people (aged 7–18) from the villages of Kiliwa and Li-May in north-eastern DR Congo took part in this study. In total, 22% of participants had been abduction previously while 73% had a family member abducted. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress reactions, internalising problems, conduct problems and pro-social behaviour were assessed by blinded interviewers at pre- and post-intervention and at 3-month follow-up. Participants were randomised (with an accompanying caregiver) to 8 sessions of a group-based, community-participative, psychosocial intervention (n = 79) carried out by supervised local, lay facilitators or a wait-list control group (n = 80). Average seminar attendance rates were high: 88% for participants and 84% for caregivers. Drop-out was low: 97% of participants were assessed at post-intervention and 88% at 3 month follow-up. At post-test, participants reported significantly fewer symptoms of post-traumatic stress reactions compared to controls (Cohen's d = 0.40). At 3 month follow up, large improvements in internalising symptoms and moderate improvements in pro-social scores were reported, with caregivers noting a moderate to large decline in conduct problems among the young people.     

Psychological and physical intimate partner violence and young children’s mental health: The role of maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms and parenting behaviors

Young children are at significant risk of exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), and vulnerable to exposure-related psychopathology, yet few studies investigate the effects of exposure to IPV on children under the age of 5 years. The current study investigated the role of maternal PTSD symptoms and parenting strategies in the relationship between mothers’ IPV experiences and psychopathology in their young children, ages 3–6 years in a community-based cohort of 308 mother-child dyads at high risk for family violence. Data were collected from 2011 to 2014. IPV history and maternal PTSD symptoms were assessed by self-report questionnaires. Children’s symptoms were assessed with a developmentally-sensitive psychiatric interview administered to mothers. Punitive/restrictive parenting was independently-coded from in-depth interviews with mothers about their disciplinary practices. Hypothesized direct and indirect pathways between physical and psychological IPV, maternal PTSD, maternal parenting style, and children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms were examined with mediation models. Results indicated that neither physical nor psychological IPV experienced by mothers was directly associated with children’s symptoms. However, both types of victimization were associated with maternal PTSD symptoms. Examination of indirect pathways suggested that maternal PTSD symptoms mediated the relationship between mothers’ psychological and physical IPV experiences and children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms and mothers’ restrictive/punitive parenting mediated the relationship between mothers’ psychological IPV and children’s externalizing symptoms. In addition, there was a path from maternal physical IPV to child externalizing symptoms through both maternal PTSD symptoms and restrictive/punitive parenting. Findings highlight the importance of supporting parents in recovering from the sequelae of their own traumatic experiences, as their ensuing mental health symptoms and parenting behaviors may have a significant impact on their children’s emotional health.     

从战争理论看企业竞争的本质属性及指导原则

战争是人类社会中最激烈的竞争活动,《孙子兵法》和《战争论》就是对战争进行理论总结的经典之作,这两部著作极大地启发了对企业竞争的深入研究。企业竞争的本质属性决定了企业竞争的指导原则。企业竞争的对抗性要求企业必须运用谋略、采取有效的战略;企业竞争的不确定性要求企业提高驾驭这种不确定性的能力,并将其转化为竞争中的优势;企业竞争的政治从属性则要求企业超越直接的竞争,学会理性的竞争,从更高的层次来理解企业竞争,从而更好地从事企业经营。     

Do teachers have worse mental health? Review of the existing comparative research and results from the Belgian Health Interview Survey

It is widely believed that teachers have a higher risk of developing mental health problems when compared with other professions. That claim, however, is more often stated as a fact than as the outcome of empirical research. Against that background, we (1) critically review the existing empirical studies on teachers' mental health and (2) use the Belgian Health Interview Survey (n = 7381) to compare teachers with 31 other occupations on five mental health indicators: psychological impairment, somatization, depressive, anxiety, and sleeping disorder. The idea that teachers have worse mental health than other professionals is less conclusive than often assumed.     

汉代的"陷陈都尉"与"陷陈士"

“陷陈”一词具有三种含义 :泛指攻破敌阵 ,或指纵队突击的战术 ,或指敢死队。汉代军队里编有专门的“陷陈”部队 ,或称“先登”、“敢死” ,将官为陷陈都尉、陷陈司马 ;规模为数百至数千人不等 ,装备精良 ,通过简选、招募或强制征调而组成 ;由以车兵或车骑为主 ,演变为以骑兵或步兵为主 ,作战时部署在阵首或两翼 ,根据情况采取不同的冲阵战术。它的出现与铁兵器的流行、轻车锐骑的使用、军事思想和战争指挥艺术的进步有关。     

媒体与青少年暴力

青少年是各种媒体的重要消费,不少国家和地区的研究都发现,除了上学和睡觉,青少年花在媒体上的时间比其他任何活动都多。然而,现代媒体充满了暴力,大量的实证研究已用科学数据确凿地证明,媒体暴力极大影响了青少年的暴力行为、暴力思想和情感。在此基础上,进一步分析了媒体暴力影响青少年的机制与中介因素,并从媒体使用和监管等角度阐述了减少和预防媒体暴力对青少年影响的应对措施。     

抗战时期中共及其领导的力量发展壮大的原因

中国共产党及其领导的人民革命力量在抗战期间得到迅猛发展。究其根本,是缘于以毛泽东为首的中国共产党人能够顺应历史潮流,在民族危亡的关键时刻,始终代表全民族的根本愿望和利益要求,高擎爱国主义和团结抗日的大旗,以其先进的阶级意识和正确的路线和政策,不断克服抗日营垒中出现的分裂倒退危险和妥协投降逆流,同时正确处理民族斗争和阶级斗争、民族革命和民主革命的关系,积极推进民主,改善民生,从而赢得民心,获得发展,并在团结全民族抗战中发挥了中流砥柱的作用。     

抗战文学研究回顾

本文简要回顾了抗战文学研究的历史,概括了其各研究分期的主要特点,并对各时期的研究成果作了较具体的说明,在此基础上,力求梳理出抗战文学研究的发展脉络,对抗战文学研究作一次较全面的总结。     

Student-to-teacher violation and the threat to a teacher’s self

This paper is based on a study of fourteen Norwegian K-12 teachers who have been violated by students in schools. One key theme emerged during the process of analysis: the threat to the teachers’ self. This threat appears to be intensified due to lack of support. The findings in this small-scale Norwegian study indicate that student-to-teacher violation can have a serious impact on teachers’ perceptions of their individual and professional self. The findings disclose that the teachers’ self is affected leading to changed, weakened and disrupted experience of teachers’ self-understanding. This knowledge may influence how teachers can continue working when critical incidents occur.