“富民”阶层与地方教育发展探论--基于明代江南地区的考察

唐中叶以后,均田制的瓦解和两税法的实施使土地私有制化的趋势日渐加快。传统生产关系的变革孕育了一支新兴的社会力量"富民"阶层。历宋元直至明代,这一阶层成为推动社会变革的根本力量之一,而且其影响已深化到社会的诸多层面。明代的江南地区是国家的财赋之区,"富民"众多且为地方经济和文化教育的主要推动者。"富民"之于教育,既有社会背景的大环境影响,也有自身利益的多元化考量。但从客观上来看,明代江南地区文化教育的发展与"富民"阶层有着不可分割内在原因。     

明代江南“富民”与社会经济关系研究

隋唐以降的政治风雨和经济变革使国有土地所有制向私有制转化的进程进一步加快。旧有土地制度的日趋瓦解,使传统生产关系也发生了深刻的变化。在明代的江南地区,"富民"阶层的出现是这一变化最为显著的标志之一。与此相伴的是佃农人身依附关系的弱化和地租形态的多样化。在此基础上,国家赋役与地方农业生产设施的修建也使"富民"成为主要的承担者之一。"富民"开始成为社会经济关系中的主要角色。作为一支新兴的社会力量,"富民"阶层发展壮大对我国传统社会的变迁具有深远的意义。     

唐宋户籍制度的变革与社会转型

户籍制度是中国古代国家政权渗入底层民众生活的重要制度,是国家最基本的社会控制制度。唐宋时期,由于商品经济的发展,户籍制度由身份等级制控制向财富控制转化。唐宋户籍制度的变革不仅有利于农民身份地位的提高和促进商品经济的发展,而且有利于土地资源配置的优化、赋役征收的合理化及乡村社会控制的转型。不同的时代有不同的制度需求,唐宋户籍制度的变革是当时社会转型的制度需求,并有利地推动了社会转型。     

明代江南富民阶层的形成与救荒赈灾关系考论

富民阶层的兴起和壮大是时代发展的必然结果。优越的地理条件使明代的江南地区出现了拥有一定财富力量的富民阶层。富民的形成主要有力农和经商等多种途径。他们与身份性地主的显著区别在于除财富外没有其他任何超经济特权。正因为如此,在明代的赈灾救荒活动中,富民阶层成为一支不可或缺的经济力量并为当时政府所重视。从当时的历史环境来看,富民参与到救荒活动中,对地方社会的稳定发展是有一定积极意义的。     

试论宋代士大夫阶层的保富思想

随着商品经济的发展，宋代的庶民地主及工商业地主迅速发展起来，成为富人阶层中的重要构成力量。士大夫阶层提出了维持现状的“保富论”。他们大都为富人辩护，反对抑兼并，反对夺富人之财以予贫人的行为，要求政府保护富人的财产和经济地位不受侵犯，这是士大夫阶层中的主流声音，充分表现了他们在财富领域的保富思想。     

汉代更赋考辨

史学界对汉代更赋的认识颇多分歧，影响较大的有“月为更卒”代役钱说，“三日戍边”代役钱说，“月为更卒”和“三日戍边”代没钱统称说。本文根据大量文献资料认为更赋的性质是固定征收的赋税，而不是代役钱。“月为更卒”的代役钱是当直者直接把钱交给受雇者，而不交给政府，不可能成为更赋。更赋实为封建政府以“三日戍边”的名义征收的一项赋税。征收更赋是汉代戍边制度的一项重大改革，其征收时间当是从汉文帝十三年以后开始的。     

2005年高考历史专题复习优化设计——专题一 中国古代赋税制度的变革

春秋时齐国“相地而衰(cui)征”、鲁国“初税亩”，应是我国古代征收土地税的开始。西汉编户制度确定了编户农民对封建国家的负担，北魏始行租调制，隋朝和唐初实行租庸调制，唐中期(780年)实行两税法．开始改变了以人丁为主的收税标准，是我国赋税制度的一次重大改革。北宋王安石变法有募役法和方田均税法。明后期实行一条鞭法。清初雍正帝时实行摊丁入亩，把丁税平均摊入田赋中，征收统一的赋税——地丁银．从而废除了汉唐以来长期实行的人头税，对我国人口增长和社会经济发展有着重要意义。中国古代赋税制度的变革实质上体现了上层建筑适应经济基础的发展规律。     

历代文化政策及其得失

钱国旗：文化政策是统治阶级实施文化管理和意识形态统治所采取的规章制度、原则要求、战略策略的总称，直接表现了统治阶级在特定历史时期的文化自觉、文化意志与政治利益。历史经验告诉人们，文化是社会发展的重要推动力量，文化政策正是影响文化发展和社会全面进步的具体制度和措施，文化政策的选择和制定也在一定程度上决定着国家和社会的兴衰存亡。因此，     

关系思维视角下我国基础教育改革

关系思维强调在一个整体环境中考察多方利益关系的协调和平衡，回顾我国的基础教育改革，正是各方关系各方力量在变革中遭遇，相互牵制相互掣肘而又彼此支持互动共进，变革是在复杂的漩涡里艰难的向前推进，只有坚持一种用复杂性眼光才能正确处理各方关系，变革才能持续而高效。     

宋代富民诡名寄产及挟户规模考察

宋代富民为逃脱税役而隐匿资产,或将土地财产诡托于真假官户、寺观、贫民下户和逃亡户,或诡分子户,少则几户,多见几十户、上百户。官民诡分子户在下户中所占比例高达70—90%,诡户者可占到总户数的21.5—41.4%,其中富民之诡户大概为总户数五分之一到五分之二之间。富民上户以诡名寄产逃脱赋役现象的普遍存在,说明这是他们作为一个阶层的共同行为,对唐宋以来国家所确立的以财富为主要征税依据的赋役政策的逃避或反抗。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.