舞台器乐表演技巧初探

舞台器乐表演,是演奏者对所持乐器熟练程度、演奏水平与音乐艺术修养的全面展示。通过对舞台器乐表演的探析,提出了舞台器乐表演所需具备的能力和高职教学中应强调学生学习和掌握的一些方法。     

Sensitivity of instrumental responses to an upshift in water deprivation

The role of incentive learning in instrumental performance following an upshift in the degree of water deprivation was analyzed in three experiments. In Experiments 1A and 1B, rats trained to perform an instrumental action reinforced by either sucrose or maltodextrin solutions when in a low-deprivation state were shifted to a high-deprivation state and tested in extinction. This shift in water deprivation increased performance only if the animals had been exposed to the reinforcer in the high-deprivation state prior to testing. In Experiment 2, the role of the instrumental contingency in mediating the preexposure effect observed in the first two studies was examined by training rats to make two instrumental actions for different outcomes. The preexposure experience with the outcomes produced a relative increase in performance of the action reinforced with the incentive preexposed in the high-deprivation state when a choice between the two response alternatives was conducted in that state. These experiments support the conclusion that instrumental performance following revaluation of the reinforcer by an upshift in the level of thirst depends on a process of incentive learning.     

Value Education as Perceived by Parents,Teachers and Pupils in Israel

Abstract

The perplexity that characterizes moral education was the motive for undertaking this study. A field selection of terminal and instrumental values served as its frame of reference. Two questions were posed by the investigators: Is there any difference in the degree of importance which parents, teachers and pupils attach to these values? Do different schools rate these values differently? A sample consisting of 531 pupils, 251 parents and 38 teachers, randomly selected from five Israeli high schools, were asked to rate the degree of importance they attach to each value and the degree to which they think each value is cultivated in school. All subjects rated instrumental values higher than terminal values. A striking consensus between parents, teachers and pupils was disclosed. Between school variance was significant for both terminal and instrumental values. The study of approaches to values found in schools may contribute to curriculum development and planning of teacher education programmes.     

The Effect of Mental-Set or Attitude on the Reading Performance of High-school Pupils

Abstract

This study explored relationships of performance assessments for student teachers among three groups of raters. A 78-item evaluation instrument was administered to 47 student teachers and to their academic and field supervisors. Analysis of the seven subsections of the instrument revealed that student teachers’ self-evaluations were significantly higher, for most categories, than either academic or field supervisors’ ratings. The high degree of agreement between the two types of supervisory ratings on all categories suggest the presence of halo effects.     

散谈歌曲的演唱

歌曲演唱是一门艺术,具有一种特殊的魅力。在音乐艺术的表演技巧方面,歌曲演唱和器乐演奏有很大的不同。歌曲演唱是靠人体自身的调节来“制作乐器”,器乐演奏则是依靠人工他造。所以,如何利用科学的演唱方法深刻诠释作品含义以塑造艺术作品的音乐形象尤为重要。     

NEGRO TEACHERS IN NEW YORK CITY

This article addresses the question of what is entailed in enhancing teacher quality and student achievement through university-school partnership. It compares two different secondary schools working in partnership with Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. University Park Campus School (UPCS) is a small, neighborhood-based school that spans grades 7–12 and serves 215 students. South High School is a large comprehensive high school, with grades 9–12, and 1500 students. UPCS has attained an exceptional level of effectiveness, as reflected in student achievement; all students have passed the statewide test on their first try, with most scoring in the top two performance categories (“proficient” and “advanced”), and qualified for postsecondary education. In contrast, South High, committed to a major restructuring initiative, marks improvement more slowly and incrementally. While scale looms large as a factor in explaining the effectiveness of each school (an instrumental factor), the story of the differences between the two schools is more complex. The comparison focuses on the most salient dimensions in an effort to understand critical cultural dimensions of effectiveness.     

Teaching in Higher Education

The essay has been called the 'default genre' in high school and university education. This paper examines the nature, history and function of the essay in this role, including feminist critiques of the genre. It explores in particular the dialogic or multi-voiced character of most academic essays, and suggests that it is through dialogic structuring that new forms of academic writing might be generated. Excerpts from five student essays, and other forms of coursework and examination work are studied. The paper suggests that the handing in of essays and their role in the assessment of student performance is an elaborate game that students and teachers/lecturers have to learn to play well in order for both sides to enjoy and gain from the experience; it also concludes that it is time to recognise more formally the diverse forms of student expression as valid contributions to the demonstration of emerging knowledge.     

浅谈器乐教学中如何做好表演紧张心理的调控

器乐表演是音乐艺术的表现方式之一,由于其具有公开性、时间性、技术性、创造性等特点,表演时会出现各种紧张现象。无论是技术性的紧张还是心理性的紧张,都会导致演奏者在演奏时出现音乐表现的失常。试结合教学实际,探索和分析器乐演奏者表演时的心理现象,研究和解决制约表演水平发挥的成因,并在教学中加以正确引导。     

Music lessons enhance executive functions in 6- to 7-year-old children

Studies have demonstrated positive associations between music lessons and executive functions (EFs) in children. Because researchers have focused on comprehensive music lessons taught in school, it remains unclear whether pure instrumental music lessons as an extracurricular activity reveal similar results. Moreover, interventional studies reported mixed findings and there is a lack of experimental designs allowing for causal conclusions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of music lessons as an extracurricular activity on EFs in children. Primary school children (N = 94) aged 6–7 years were randomly assigned to a music group, an arts group, or a waiting control group. Different measures of EFs were assessed in pre- and posttests. The results revealed an improvement in children from the music group for some components of EFs. Based on our findings we conclude that instrumental music lessons have an impact on specific EFs in children.     

Impact of Background Music on Medical Student Anxiety and Performance During Anatomical Dissections: A Cluster Randomized Interventional Trial

Anatomical dissection on cadavers can be a source of anxiety for medical students. Studies in other stressful settings have shown a reduction in anxiety when there is background music. The objective of this study was to determine if music can have an impact on student anxiety, student satisfaction, and student performance in dissection room. This cluster randomized interventional trial included 187 second-year medical students. The intervention was standardized background music, selected based on the literature, with a tempo of between 60 and 80 bpm. Six balanced clusters were randomized (1:1) to music or no music during dissection sessions. The main assessment criterion was a validated self-evaluation scale score for anxiety, the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. Student satisfaction was measured using a visual analog scale and dissection performance was evaluated by an examination. The outcomes were analyzed with mixed models adjusted on group effect, chronic anxiety, and confounding factors. A significant (58%) relative decrease in acute anxiety, odds ratio 0.423 [0.160; 0.710] was found for the music intervention group. Music also had a positive impact on performance with students in the intervention group attaining higher grades than those in the control group (0.42/10 higher, P = 0.0016). The study also showed a nonsignificant increase in satisfaction with 0.37 extra points (P = 0.137) in the intervention group. Background music had a significant impact on anxiety in the dissection room and on technical and theoretical performance in the subsequent anatomy examination. This music intervention could be extended to other stressful work environments.     

生态美：中国器乐演奏艺术的文化价值

中国器乐艺术表现的人与自然的关系,大多是指人与自然相互体认、相互依赖的内在关系,这是中国传统音乐民族性的体现,也是分析中国器乐演奏艺术生态美学意义的基础。中国器乐艺术的生态美学意义是从两个层次体现出来的：首先是乐器的质材选取、演奏方式方面体现的人与自然的相互支持;其次是作品内容所表现的人与自然的和谐共生。     

Collaborative creativity in instrumental group music learning as a site for enhancing pupil wellbeing

This study explores the nature of the elements that co-influence collaborative creativity in instrumental group music learning and the intrinsic potential for enhancing pupil wellbeing as evidenced in a particular secondary-school (extra-curricular) group instrumental programme Percussion 1. Wenger’s Community of Practice (CoP) and Engestrom’s Activity Theory (AT) provide an in-depth analytical framework for the analysis of 14 rehearsals, 13 semi-structured interviews and 41 teachers’ and pupils’ reflective diary entries. Findings support the intrinsic potential for enhancing pupil wellbeing by empowering them through supportive statements and decision-making, and engaging them through the embodiment of music learning.     

Making the written word “speak”: Reflections on the teaching of correspondence courses

Abstract

Learning outcomes for an interactive television‐based distance learning course in introductory high school Japanese were evaluated in three successive years by comparing student achievement in the distance learning course to that in traditional classes. Year‐end achievement tests of listening and written language competency were administered to students in both the distance and face‐to‐face courses. Results in the first two years showed that test scores of students in the distance learning course were higher than those of students in the face‐to‐face classes; however, possible group differences in motivation, general ability, and experience as language learners could not be ruled out as explanations for the difference. Therefore, achievement measures were supplemented in the third year with data on students’ perceived efficacy as Japanese language users, their grades, and their previous foreign language learning experience. The achievement data again showed differences favoring the distance learning group; trends were consistent for students with differing levels of school success and amount of prior language learning experience. Factors that could account for these results are hypothesized and suggestions for future research are proposed.     

音乐的构成对音乐表演形成的影响

成功的音乐表演对艺术家本人提出了这样的课题:专业知识、技能的掌握、文化底蕴的积累、对生活的认知程度、对情感的敏感体验等.其中,专业知识、技能的掌握及对音乐诸要素的构成因素的把握与运用,对音乐表演艺术风格的形成以及表演的优劣有着至关重要的影响.     

Classroom Anxiety and the Examination Performance of Test-Anxious Students

Abstract

This study examined the academic performance of low, moderate, and high test anxiety students within two classrooms which differed significantly in the mean level of anxiety aroused by examinations. When differences in classroom anxiety were not considered, a significant negative linear trend was observed between anxiety level and academic performance (p < .001). No differences were found in the academic performance of low test anxiety students within the two classrooms, but a significant interaction (p C .05) was observed between classroom anxiety level and the academic performance of moderate and high test anxiety students. Moderate test anxiety students tended to obtain slightly higher examination scores in the High Anxiety Section than in the Low Anxiety Section, white the opposite was true for high test anxiety students.     

To Think or Not To Think: The apparent paradox of expert skill in music performance

Abstract

Expert skill in music performance involves an apparent paradox. On stage, expert musicians are required accurately to retrieve information that has been encoded over hours of practice. Yet they must also remain open to the demands of the ever-changing situational contingencies with which they are faced during performance. To further explore this apparent paradox and the way in which it is negotiated by expert musicians, this article profiles theories presented by Roger Chaffin, Hubert Dreyfus and Tony and Helga Noice. For Chaffin, expert skill in music performance relies solely upon overarching mental representations, while, for Dreyfus, such representations are needed only by novices, while experts rely on a more embodied form of coping. Between Chaffin and Dreyfus sit the Noices, who argue that both overarching cognitive structures and embodied processes underlie expert skill. We then present the Applying Intelligence to the Reflexes (AIR) approach—a differently nuanced model of expert skill aligned with the integrative spirit of the Noices’ research. The AIR approach suggests that musicians negotiate the apparent paradox of expert skill via a mindedness that allows flexibility of attention during music performance. We offer data from recent doctoral research conducted by the first author of this article to demonstrate at a practical level the usefulness of the AIR approach when attempting to understand the complexities of expert skill in music performance.     

论在器乐教学中学生音乐情感动力的激发

所谓音乐情感,是指人与音乐交互过程中所产生的包括各种人类感情因素的心理过程,是人类自然情感的升华。器乐作为表现音乐的重要成员,同样需要具备音乐情感的表现力,没有音乐情感的表现,就不可能完成音乐表演和音乐审美体验的全部,因素,“音乐情感”的培养在器乐教学中显得尤为重要。     

Parents' reasons and motivations for supporting their child's music training

Musical talent development in a child is a prolonged process requiring adult assistance of both large investments of time and financial resources. To understand the motivations of parents who support their children's music training, often initiating and sustaining it for a substantial period of time, a survey was sent to four music organizations on the east and west coasts. Parents whose children were attending precollege music programs (N=203) responded to 14 statements regarding reasons for supporting their child's music lessons. A major finding is that these parents reported more intrinsic than extrinsic reasons and expectations relating to the benefits of music training. Moreover, these parents believe that music training nurtures many desirable characteristics in their children including discipline, diligence, academic performance, and intelligence. The results are discussed in the context of cultural values and beliefs underlying the development of a specific talent.     

The effect of colour of tester on performance on a group reading test

A study of the relationship between colour of tester and performance on a group reading test was carried out using, as testers, two student teachers of similar experience and appearance apart from colour of skin and, as subjects, 24 children of families of West Indian origin and 24 indigenous children matched for school, sex and age (8-9 yrs). Parallel forms of the Young Group Reading Test (Young, 1969) were administered on alternative occasions by the black tester and the white tester. Differences between the mean group scores were not statistically significant. Correlations between performance on test and re-test by ethnic group, sex, school, colour of tester for first test and form of test for first test were statistically significant, and at or beyond the .05 level. Evidence of ethnic-group effect was not apparent. Attempts to reduce stress e.g. the use of group tests, may have inhibited the expression of ethnic-group effect, if indeed it existed.