影响老年人心理健康的因素分析及对策研究

老年人的心理健康状况会受到多方面因素的影响,其中包括老年人自身的因素,家庭方面的因素以及来自社会各方面的影响.在社会经济飞速发展的今天,社会对于养老问题更加重视,针对老年人养老我国也制定和实施了各种方针和政策,然而我们不得不注意到的是,对于老年人心理健康的关注却是明显不足,我们并没有做到真正地满足老年人的心理需求.本文深入研究和分析了影响老年人心理健康的几种因素,并提出了几点建议和对策,以期能够为老年人心理健康提供些许指导性意见,促进老年人心理健康发展.     

我国农村养老资源的开发利用

随着我国人口老龄化速度的加快,养老问题受到越来越多的关注。尤其是在农村,绝大多数老年人未被纳入社会养老保障体系。农村多数老年人不仅身体状况差,有病得不到及时治疗,而且有些老年人生活困难,情感孤独。因此,我们应该更多地关注农村老年人的需要,妥善解决他们的养老问题,提高他们的生活质量,以促进社会的和谐稳定。本文主要针对我国农村老年人的养老状况和存在问题,在我国未富先老的情况下,提出了过渡时期解决我国农村老年人养老问题的新思路。     

社会转型期老年人心理健康问题探析

心理健康问题已成为21世纪人们普遍关注的重点问题。老年人作为一个特殊的群体，他们的心理健康问题引起了社会的广泛关注。本文就转型期老年人产生心理问题的诸因素进行了分析，并就如何提高他们的心理健康水平，使之安度晚年，分别从社会、家庭以及老年人自身等方面提出了对策和建议。     

试论农村老年人的自养及农村养老中的政府作为

为数众多的农村老年人，通过直接从事农业生产劳动，不仅维持了他们原本要求不高的基本生活需求，而且还最大限度地实现了日常生活的自理。断言农村人口老龄化即将成为十分深刻而沉重的社会和经济问题依据不充分。农村老年人自养可以说是传统的家庭养老模式自身在现实中延续和发展的一种必然结果，其存在既具有可能性条件，又具有积极的现实意义。政府关注养老问题在我国有着悠久的历史，对农村老年人提供必要的养老帮助也是政府的法定责任。必须针对当前我国农村依然是以家庭养老为主，且农村老年人自养比例增大的现实．借鉴历史上比较优秀的传统做法，对在农村养老中如何发挥政府的作用进行积极探索。     

子女代际支持对农村空巢老人心理健康的影响——基于CHARLS2018年数据的分析

在人口老龄化和城镇化加速的背景下，青壮年劳动力的外流弱化了以子女同住为特点的农村家庭养老功能，农村空巢老人难以达成对传统老年生活“儿孙满堂，四世同堂”的美好期待，加剧抑郁、焦虑等消极情绪的出现。然而，目前学界就代际支持对老人心理健康的影响尚未达成一致，而农村空巢老人群体还面临着社会资源不足和代际支持不足的双重困境，更需要被关注。对此，本文采用中国健康与养老追踪调查2018年数据，对子女代际支持影响农村空巢老年人心理健康进行实证分析。多元线性回归模型显示，农村空巢老人心理健康与子女的经济支持和情感支持呈显著正相关，后者影响作用更大。然而，农村空巢老人心理健康与生活照料支持显著负相关，在控制健康状况后仍旧显著。     

城市贫困老年人养老保障缺失分析

作为弱势群体,城市贫困老年人的养老问题应当引起广泛的关注。通过对城市贫困老年人的养老现状和养老需求进行实证调查,发现城市贫困老年群体学历较低、身体状况较差,他们所在的家庭供养能力较弱,并且制度缺失也是导致城市贫困老年人养老问题的原因之一。要改变城市贫困老年人的养老保障缺失问题,需要进一步完善社会救助制度,推进社会保险制度建设。     

论社区服务与养老保障

解决人口老龄化问题的核心是要解决老年人的物质供养、生活照料和精神慰藉问题，这三项内容主要涉及到二个方面：一是老年人的经济保障，二是老年人的服务保障。在整个养老保障体系中，社区社会化养老服务可以弥补社会养老保险制度不健全和家庭养老功能弱化的不足。社区是建立社会化福利服务体系的主要载体，是联结居家养老和机构养老的纽带和结合点，是实现社会福利社会化的有效形式和途径，今后一个时期加快建立和完善以社区为中心的社会化养老服务体系应该是推动老年人社会福利事业的主要着力点。     

论社区服务与养老保障

解决人口老龄化问题的核心是要解决老年人的物质供养，生活照料和精神慰藉问题，这三项内容主要涉及到二个方面：一是老年人的经济保障，二是老年人的服务保障，在整个养老保险体系中，社区社会化养老服务可以弥补社会养老保险制度不 家庭养老功能弱化的不足，社区是建立社会化福利服务体系的主要载体，是联结居家养老和机构养老的纽带和结合点，是实现社会福利社会化的有效形式和途径，今后一个时期加快建立和完善以社区为中心的社会化养老服务体系应该是推动老年人社会福利事业的主要关力点。     

养老机构环境因素与老年人生活质量的关系研究

从老年人生理特点及老年心理学的视角,对养老机构环境因素与老年人生活质量的关系进行探讨,分析了养老机构老年人在个人和社会等层面存在的问题,以探索适合我国国情的养老机构老年保健模式,提高老年人的生活质量,实现健康老龄化。     

养老服务中心户外环境设计研究

自20世纪90年代以来,我国已逐步步入老龄化社会,由此引发的许多社会问题成为社会各界关注的焦点。随着经济水平的发展,居民生活水平及老年人身心健康不断提高,以往的养老服务中心户外环境空间已不能满足老年人的日常生活和娱乐活动,因此研究和完善养老服务中心户外环境已然刻不容缓。本文通过对老年人行为、生理、心理特点及他们需求的分析,结合户外环境设计原则等相关理论,总结出适合老年人养老的户外环境的一系列设计原则及需要注意和改进的问题。     

Disentangling the effect of out-of-home care on child mental health

BackgroundChildren in out-of-home care are consistently found to have poor mental health compared to children in the general population. However, UK research has so far failed to disentangle the impact of the care system on children’s mental health outcomes from the effects of the adverse circumstances that led to their admission to care.ObjectiveThis research investigated the association between care placement and the presence of child mental health problems after controlling for children’s pre-care experiences. It also identified factors associated with mental health problems among children in care.Participants and SettingThe sample comprised three groups of children involved with child welfare services due to maltreatment, including children in out-of-home care (n = 122), reunified children (n = 82) and those who had never been in care (n = 159).MethodsThe mental health of the children in the three groups was compared, using information collected from their parents/foster carers and social workers.ResultsThe odds of a child in out-of-home care having a mental health problem were not significantly higher than those of a child who had never been in care (AOR = 1.24; p = 0.462). However, the odds of a child in out-of-home care having reactive attachment disorder (RAD) were significantly higher than those of a child who had never been in care (AOR=1.92; p = 0.032).ConclusionsThese findings make an important contribution to international debates about whether placing children in care is beneficial or detrimental to their wellbeing, and highlight a range of inter-linking factors associated with the mental health of children in out-of-home care.     

Understanding and treating psychopathology in schools: Introduction to the special issue

Investigating psychopathology in school‐aged children is a topical discussion given the recent increased focus of the U.S. government and professional psychology on this issue. In the last 5 years, the Surgeon General of the United States (Satcher, 2000) and the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (2003) both addressed the need for schools to actively participate in the treatment of children's mental health disorders. Further, psychologists were charged with transforming mental health care for children and families by promoting collaboration between schools, families, and communities; identifying empirically supported interventions; and enhancing culturally competent care for children and teens (P. Tolan & K. Dodge, 2005). To achieve these goals, mental health professionals in the schools need to be able to understand and effectively treat psychopathology in the school setting. School‐based treatment of psychopathology should be based on effective collaboration and grounded within the cultural context of the student population. A comprehensive understanding takes into account the biological basis of these disorders and factors influencing risk and resiliency. Treatment needs for these students often combine traditional therapies and psychopharmacology. Within a comprehensive system of care, specific disorders such as Reactive Attachment Disorder, Early Onset Bipolar Spectrum Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, depression, and anxiety can and should be treated in schools. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 413–417, 2006.     

Book reviews

Lifelong learning is recognized as an important tool to reduce social exclusion, but out of the many investigations into the provision of lifelong learning in Europe none has yet sought to examine the specific situation of mental health care service users. This study examines the provision of lifelong learning for this disadvantaged group; it identifies current policies and explores the access to, and nature of, lifelong learning practices for mental health care service users in eight European countries. Data have been collected through a literature and policy review and through questionnaires completed by mental health practitioners in the eight countries. The study found broad compliance amongst the eight countries with the Lisbon policy goals on lifelong learning, but evidence of specific lifelong learning provision for mental health care service users is patchy and sporadic. The study identified the main benefits of, and the barriers to, the participation in lifelong learning for mental health care service users from the viewpoint of mental health professionals and practitioners. The implications for practice were described, and suggestions for actions were made for improving the lifelong learning provision for the target group.     

精神健康的伦理探索

精神健康目前已成为公共健康领域面临的世界性难题,并对人口健康和社会经济发展产生巨大的影响。本文试图从精神健康的概念、精神健康保健制度中的伦理问题、精神健康的伦理促进三个方面对精神健康问题进行伦理探索,旨在呼吁全社会重视精神健康问题。     

Evaluation of Mental Health Consultation in Child Care Centers

Mental health professionals have speculated that their consultation services should improve the overall quality of a child care center, but few research studies have shown this effect in child care settings. In the present study, mental health consultation services were provided by four agencies to 25 urban child care centers to enhance children's emotional lives and social abilities, and to strengthen child care center staff's capacity to work with children who have difficult behaviors. A one-year evaluation was conducted to assess the impact of the mental health services on the teachers and child care centers using observational measures, director- and teacher-completed questionnaires, and qualitative focus group data. Centers with more than one year of consultation showed increases in overall quality, teachers' self-efficacy, and teachers' competence. In addition, staff expressed satisfaction with the mental health consultation services provided. Implications of findings and suggestions for future interventions are discussed.     

Rates of meaningful change in the mental health of children in long-term out-of-home care: A seven- to nine-year prospective study

Children residing in long-term out-of-home care have high rates of clinical-level mental health difficulties. However, the stability of these children’s difficulties throughout their time in care is uncertain. This paper reports estimates of the seven- to nine-year stability of carer-reported scores on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Assessment Checklists for Children (ACC) and Adolescents (ACA) for 85 children in long-term foster or kinship care. Prospective score changes on the CBCL total problems and ACC-ACA shared-item scales were assigned to one of four change groups: ‘sustained mental health’; ‘meaningful improvement’; ‘no meaningful change’; and ‘meaningful deterioration’. On each of the two measures, more than 60% of children manifested either sustained mental health or meaningful improvement in their mental health, while less than a quarter showed meaningful deterioration. Mean mental health scores for the aggregate sample did not change over the 7–9 year period. Findings discount the presence of a uniform, population-wide effect—suggesting instead, that children’s mental health follows several distinct trajectories. Rather than asking whether long-term care is generally therapeutic or harmful for the development of previously maltreated children, future investigations should focus on the questions “…what are the systemic and interpersonal characteristics of care that promote and sustain children’s psychological development throughout childhood, and what characteristics are developmentally harmful?” and “…for which children is care therapeutic, and for which children is it not?”     

高职学生心理健康认知状况的调查

调查表明，高职学生心理健康水平低于全国常模，心理问题检出率为10．96％；高职学生关心自己的心理健康状况，对心理健康知识有一定了解，但在某些方面存在误区。学校应充分发挥心理健康教育课程的主渠道作用，引导学生将心理咨询作为解决心理困扰的主要途径。     

民办高校学生心理健康问题探析

自卑、焦虑和逆反心理是影响民办高校学生心理健康的三大问题。这些常见异常心理主要是因为民办高校学生能力素质、认知水平和社会、学校、家庭支持不到位所导致的。需要采取有效措施提高民办高校学生的心理健康水平。     

Mental health care for foster children in California

This paper reports on a study conducted to assess the health care needs of foster children in California. To evaluate foster children's mental health problems and the services provided to meet them, 154 program administrators, social workers, foster parents, and health care providers were interviewed in 14 counties. Foster parents and social workers were interviewed in groups, and foster parents and administrators also completed questionnaires. We found that although all counties care immediately for children who are injured, abused, or ill, only one county performs routine mental health evaluations of all children, and in most counties less than a third of children ever receive such evaluations. Informants identified mental health problems as more severe than medical problems in this population, and they identified four major barriers to access to appropriate therapy. Recommendations are that all children should receive comprehensive mental health evaluations, and procedures for immediate and ongoing care with consistent providers who are sensitive to foster children's needs should be included in case management plans, and covered by improved payment mechanisms. Additionally, communication, coordination and joint planning should be instituted among relevant agencies to address foster children's needs, and increased resources and training should be directed towards social service agencies and foster parents.