Emotional indicators in the human figure drawings of hearing-impaired children: a small sample validation study

The use of human figure drawings as projective personality assessment techniques is a well-established practice among psychological service providers to hearing-impaired children yet few studies have shown these techniques to be valid indicators of emotional functioning in any population. The purpose of the present work is to establish concurrent validity for the Koppitz scoring technique in a sample of 7- to 12-year old hearing-impaired students. Results indicate that the Koppitz technique shows a positive correlation with emotional status as measured on the Stress Response Scale. The Koppitz technique is especially sensitive to impulsive and passive-aggressive types of response modes.     

Faculty salary equity: Issues in regression model selection

Faculty salary equity is a hot political issue that may have severe legal, monetary, and human consequences. It is also an issue that often requires the use of sophisticated statistical techniques for the determination of inequity. The purpose of this paper is to identify the areas in which human judgment must be made in order to conduct a statistical analysis of salary equity and to provide some informed guidelines for making those judgments. The direction and magnitude of the final results are contingent on the way these statistical decisions are made. Therefore, careful consideration of these issues is essential for conducting a fair and defensible salary equity study. This paper will provide a framework based on four decision elements and four fields of study as the basis for establishing criteria for selecting an appropriate salary equity model. Through this discussion, the author hopes to bring a broader perspective and, if not objectivity, then ethical fairness to the process of designing salary equity models.Presented at the Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Atlanta, Georgia, May 1992.     

Using Screenwriting Techniques to Create Realistic and Ethical Role Plays

The author describes an innovative training strategy that can be used to make role plays a more realistic learning experience for counseling students. The method involves using techniques that screenwriters use to create believable characters and applying these techniques to help students create realistic role‐play clients. This approach also resolves some of the ethical and practical concerns that have been raised regarding role plays in which student clients discuss personal issues in practice sessions. Evaluations of the method, cautions, and implications for future research are discussed.     

Managing Perceived Stress Among College Students: The Roles of Social Support and Dysfunctional Coping

The author examined the conditions (i.e., social support and dysfunctional coping) under which perceived stress predicted psychological well‐being in 459 college students. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated a significant 2‐way interaction (Perceived Stress × Social Support) and a significant 3‐way interaction (Perceived Stress × Social Support × Dysfunctional Coping) predicting well‐being. Low social support deteriorated the association between stress and well‐being. Only the frequent use of dysfunctional coping exacerbated the association between stress and well‐being across high and low social support. Implications for counseling college students are discussed.     

The analysis of causal models: Some remarks on new techniques

The theme of this article is the convergence between sociological reflection and technical developments in quantitative analysis. The author shows how the use of techniques based upon the general model of regression forces further reflection on phenomena studied, each of the techniques presented implying postulates about the dynamics of the variables measured or about the influence of variables that are not measured. Taking ecological analysis and contextual analysis as a starting point, the author introduces path analysis showing a progression from the former to the latter models in the convergence between techniques and sociological reflection.     

THE ACCREDITATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES∗

In view of the interest which certain countries have expressed in developing accreditation systems for higher education based on the American model, the author lists nine attributes which he considers critical to the success of this model. As the success of the American model depends very much on certain fundamental characteristics of American higher education, they should be adapted with very great care in different contexts. Indeed, even in the United States, traditionally held views of what accreditation represents and how it should be conducted are being increasingly challenged. The feeling is that normal accreditation procedures have neglected consideration of such matters as the quality and the results of education programmes, student attrition rates, the default rate on student loans, and similar matters of great concern to the public. The author proposes a series of reforms so as to address these criticisms and to develop a reformed accreditation model.

     

A DEFENSE OF "RATIONAL" PERSONNEL SELECTION, AND TWO NEW METHODS

This paper presents two new techniques for use in personnel selection. One is a simple graphical technique which non-technical personnel can use to help in deciding how many minority applicants to admit to an institution. The other is a large-scale computer technique which an institution can use to increase personnel diversity on many variables (including culture) simultaneously. Both techniques appear to have major advantages over the particular technique this author advocated previously (1971). However, the new techniques are based on the same general view the author has expressed earlier (1971, 1973): that personnel selection questions concerning culture must be handled rationally—that is, by human judgment—rather than by mechanical formulas. Early sections of the paper summarize and defend that view.     

Function oriented service composition modeling

Formal models for service composition have been proposed with the variation of the requirements of service developers. Some famous models have provided checking and verification techniques and tools for the behavior of service composition. These models generally focus much on the message flow of web services and neglecting the data contained in the exchanged messages among services, which restrict the application range of these models and also the web service techniques. As new kind of services with different protocols and communication methods have appeared, it is needed to model service composition from a new view which is adapted to the new development in service area. In this paper we offer a function oriented model of service composition which treats the composite service as a software system and specify the function of services which can be directly used to the realization by service providers.     

中国电子商务问题及对策研究

电子商务将逐渐取代传统商务模式而成为 2 1世纪经济活动的核心。它是以交易双方为主体、以电子支付和电子结算为手段的现代化商务模式 ,它的发展将导致产业结构的调整、传统生产、管理和营销发生的改变 ,以及人们消费发生的更易 ,从而引发一系列问题 ,本文主要分析了中国电子商务发展中存在的技术、应用、法律 ,税收以及人才问题 ,并指出中国在电子商务中应持有正确的立场和独立的政策主张     

Guiding and modelling quality improvement in higher education institutions

The article considers the process of creating quality improvement in higher education institutions from the point of view of current organisational theory and social-science modelling techniques. The author considers the higher education institution as a functioning complex of rules, norms and other organisational features and reviews the social mechanisms and processes through which agencies can stimulate quality improvement. The article provides a few examples of how these social processes might be modelled using social simulation techniques, including agent-based models, discrete event simulation and other modelling techniques developed for representing complex social processes of coordination and cooperation. A better representation of universities as complexes of organisations will support more effective quality improvement by higher education leaders and external agencies.     

中小学校长工作压力源问卷的初步编制

本研究以山东省中小学校长培训班学员为对象,针对在访谈和开放式问卷调查的基础上自行编制的＂中小学校长工作压力源问卷＂的信度和效度情况进行考察。研究显示：（1）问卷具有较高信度,最终保留的21个项目可以有效区分中小学校长面临的工作压力;（2）因素分析的结果表明问卷具有良好的结构,包括组织环境、工作负荷、工作质量、职责履行、生涯发展和角色冲突等六个因子。     

《金瓶梅》对小说美学的新贡献

《金瓶梅》的作者创造性地运用了"犯笔"、"灰线式三X体"以及"对子人物"等艺术手法。这些艺术手法,对中国古代小说美学的贡献是独特的,对后来的小说创作产生了深刻的影响。     

运用数据挖掘技术建立教学决策支持系统

就运用数据挖掘技术在教务信息管理系统等高校MIS基础上建立教学决策支持系统进行了研究分析。从而说明这一方法对于为高校教育教学改革提供决策参考信息是一种行之有效的途径。首先简单介绍了数据挖掘的概念,并说明运用数据挖掘技术建立教学决策支持系统是切实可行的。然后对开发的教学决策支持系统达到的目标进行了介绍,系统开发的流程及结构模块。最后对教学决策支持系统未来的发展进行展望。     

School systems and social equity in western and communist countries: A historical-comparative appraisal

In outlining the problem of this article the author discusses the conceptual relationship between ‘equality’ and ‘equity’ with regard to educational opportunity and to their controversial interpretation in Western and Soviet sources. After a historical retrospective the analysis is focused on the clarification of ‘equality of educational opportunity’, its implementation in school systems and its differentiating definition by James S. Coleman. The recent development characterised by a turn from exaggerated optimism to disillusion is explained by actual events and trends as well as by reference to sociological and genetic works, published in Western and Communist countries.The outline of some essential obstacles to the realisation of equality of educational opportunity paves the way for concluding remarks in which possible ways of overcoming these obstacles (confined to the Western scene) are proposed. They are rooted in the thesis that ‘equality’ and ‘equity’ are less easy to define as objectives than reduction in unjustifiable deficiencies. Stress is laid on the thesis that the concept of equality of educational opportunity through education is in danger of being reduced to a programme of minimal knowledge and the tyranny of meritocratic examination systems, not of humane and individual personalities, potential good citizens. Admitting, therefore, that ‘equity’ deserves to be given priority over ‘equality’ the author concludes by emphasising that efforts to foster equity must not supersede the inclusion of reduction in inequality in educational programmes.     

Educational change in Sierra Leone: Making a case for critical African drama

This paper posits that continued adherence to the inherited British model constitutes one of the major problems inherent in the educational system in Sierra Leone and that the introduction of what the author is calling critical African drama could constitute a major and specific step toward the decolonization and Africanization of education in Sierra Leone. The author outlines some of the problematics of education in Sierra Leone, critiques the tentativeness with which African elements have been introduced, puts forward proposals for change and advances critical African drama to illustrate how these proposals could be implemented in and what they would mean for the specific subject area of literature/drama studies in secondary schools.     

抉剔其类 发其隐情——《斩鬼传》讽刺手法探析

《斩鬼传》是《儒林外史》之前的一部特色鲜明的寓意类讽刺小说。作者运用了多种讽刺手法,将讽刺的锋芒直指人类的道德缺陷和丑恶癖性,使众多"人鬼"穷形尽相。小说善于运用对比、衬托的讽刺手法,在衬比之中彰显讽刺对象;作者秉持冷静的态度,不加半点评述,让人物尽情地表演,在冷静客观中呈现人物的言行、刻画讽刺对象。此外,小说还使用了主观直斥和合理夸张等讽刺手法,讥刺了人类诸多弱性。《斩鬼传》的讽刺艺术和风格,对后世讽刺性小说产生了一定影响。     

Developing a System for Describing Teaching

If only 49.9% of the women's Division I college athletic teams are coached by women (Acosta &; Carpenter, 1985a), then based on extrapolation it seems that women hold about 25% of all Division I coaching positions. Although a few researchers have investigated the reasons for this skewed gender ratio, they have used the individual model that assumes the worker shapes the workplace. In contrast, this author attempts to explain male domination of the profession using an organizational model based on the assumption that the structure of the workplace shapes the worker. This model is the basis for Kanter's (1977) theory in which she identifies three structural determinants of the workplace that shape gender differentiated work behavior. This author explores the shape of these determinants—opportunity, power, and proportion in the coaching profession—to determine how they may affect the number of females who enter and leave the coaching profession. The discussion of each determinant is accompanied by suggestions for restructuring the workplace to make the climate more favorable for women coaches.     

Reflections on the process of visual design

In this article, we are primarily concerned with the kinds of problems which lend themselves to solutions in visual, graphic terms. Essentially, they may be described as problems in communication which the designer attempts to solve by means of printed words or symbols, by the use of appropriate pictorial images or by exploiting audio-visual techniques.The author are practising designers who also share an interest in the teaching of graphic design; and these interests have determined the form of the discussion which follows. Some observations about the nature of design itself, about the various procedures available to the designer in tackling the problems which are brought to him, are illustrated with brief case histories selected from among those which have directly concerned the authors in the recent past. From these, they have ventured to draw some general conclusions about the possible range and scope of the contribution which the graphic designer may be expected to make-now, and in the future-to the solution of problems in visual communication.     

浅析《三国演义》的主要抒情特质

以叙述故事,描写战争见长的<三国演义>,其中也渗入了浓厚的抒情气氛.小说中展现了丰富、复杂的情感,其中占据主导地位的包括悲恸之情、豪迈之情以及怨怒之情,作者通过各种艺术手法加以呈现,具有摄人心魂的震撼力量.     

文学研究论《纯真年代》的艺术表现手法

《纯真年代》是美国女作家伊迪丝.华顿的晚年名作,作者高超的写作技巧形成了小说独特的艺术风格。本文探讨了该小说采用的象征、隐喻、暗示和对比等艺术表现手法,揭示了它们对深化主题、传达情感和表现人物特性等方面所起的作用。