贫困大学生人际适应不良的心理咨询案例报告

本文通过对一位贫困大学生人际适应不良问题进行诊断和分析,采用认知疗法、合理情绪疗法等帮助其重新认识自我,树立人际交往的自信心,建立良好的人际沟通模式.经过四周咨询和心理辅导,来访者认知观念与行为方式有了明显改变,显示咨询效果良好.     

Cognitive distortions and autonomy among Chinese university students

The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of university students' cognitive distortions in their sense of autonomy. One hundred and three third-year university students from Shanghai, The People's Republic of China, responded to the Cognitive Distortion Scales [Briere, J. (2000). Cognitive Distortion Scales: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.] and to the Iowa Developing Autonomy Inventory [Jackson, L. M., Hood, A. B. (1985). The Iowa Developing Autonomy Inventory. In A. B. Hood (Ed., 1997), The Iowa student development inventories (2nd Ed), (pp. 32–43). Iowa City, IA: HITECH Press]. Results suggested that in general, cognitive distortions have a significantly negative impact on Chinese students' sense of autonomy. However, there was also an indication that cognitive distortions could play the roles of psychological defense mechanisms, which provided some support to Bowins' [Bowins, B. (2004). Psychological defense mechanisms: A new perspective. American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 64 (1), 1–26] recent argument that cognitive distortions may not always be dysfunctional. Implications of the present findings are discussed in relation to students, faculty members, and university counselors.     

A comparison of Thai and American counselling students perceptions of counselling

The expectancies that people of different cultures bring to counselling affect the outcomes of counselling. It was the purpose of this study to examine the ways that counselling students in two different countries, Thailand and the United States, perceived Counselling. The evaluative and potency scales of the Semantic Differential were used to compare the attitudes of these students related to Counselling, Counsellors, and Group Counselling. No significant difference were found in the ratings of the two groups of students on the evaluative scale for Counselling, Counsellors, or Group Counselling, but the American students rated the potency scales for these three variables significantly higher than the Thai students. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

Do correspondence students need counselling?

The Leeds Counselling Project of the National Extension College, Cambridge, sought to investigate the needs of adult correspondence students outside the Open University. Students in Leeds were contacted by a local counsellor whose aim was to help them to pursue their courses of study successfully. The design of the project, its implementation and its results are discussed. The value of local counselling seems clear and the conclusion considers ways in which this might be provided and supported.     

International student use of university health and counselling services

A large sample of international students attending an Australian metropolitan university provided data concerning use of university health and counselling services—their perceived need for help, resultant help-seeking, satisfaction with help given, explanations for not seeking help when in need, and variables that predicted help-seeking. Using as criterion the individual’s perceived need for help, we found students were under-utilizing both health and counselling services. Those who did seek help evaluated their experiences positively. The gap between need and action is a concern. Students explained failure to act in terms of insufficient seriousness of problems, lack of information about services and, to a lesser extent, doubts and discomfort about the services. Contrary to views commonly expressed in the literature, student perceptions and responses showed few differences based on cultural background. Within-person variables played a stronger role than culture in accounting for students’ help-seeking decisions.     

The determination of factors related to academic achievement in the university: Implications for the selection and counselling of students

An initial diagnosis of some educational and psychological capacities of students on arrival at university were studied. This enabled us to find out what factors had a greater influence on academic achievement at the end of the first year. Using the techniques of multiple regression we established the optimal achievement performances expected from each of the students. Secondary school marks, the academic achievement tests and the intermediate examinations at university were the best set of predictors of academic performance. Differential aptitudes of intelligence increase considerably the accuracy of the prediction. Values of R of between 0.71 to 0.88 were reached depending on the criteria used. The usefulness of the prediction equations as a tool for increasing personalized attention to students is pointed out and a case made for the establishment of objective mechanisms for admission to higher education.

     

高校朋辈心理辅导探析

高校朋辈心理辅导是把大学生视为心理健康教育工作主体的具体举措。本文阐述了高校朋辈心理辅导的含义、特点、朋辈辅导员队伍的建设和朋辈心理辅导的具体运作等问题。     

高校图书馆与大学生素质教育

从素质教育的重要意义出发,根据图书馆教育职能的特殊地位与作用,提出了对大学生进行素质教育应强化高校图书馆的教育职能、转化图书馆员的行为理念和深化图书馆的服务内容等措施。     

Cognitive development and student approaches to learning: An investigation of Perry's theory with Chinese and U.S. university students

The purpose of this research was to provide cross-culturalevidence of the relationship between student approaches tolearning and stages of cognitive development and of the validityof Perry's theory of such development. The participants for thisstudy were 67 U.S. and 193 Mainland Chinese students. Theparticipants rated their ability on several scales, responded tothe Zhang Cognitive Development Inventory (Zhang 1995) and theStudy Process Questionnaire (Biggs 1987a, 1992) as well as ademographic questionnaire. Self-report measures of achievementscores were also obtained. There were four major findings. First, cognitive development and student learning approaches wererelated in predictable ways. Second, the cognitive-developmentalpatterns of the American and Chineseparticipants differed. Third, for both American and Chinese students,extracurricular activities positively contributed to theircognitive development. Finally, a statistically significantrelationship between cognitive development and achievement wasidentified among the American group, whereas no relationship wasfound between cognitive development and achievement among theChinese group. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

An output comparison of open university and conventional university students

Previous economic studies of the Open University have concentrated on the cost side; this paper looks at the output of the Open University compared to conventional universities. In 1976 multiple choice questions were included in the two second level economics examination papers (D222 and D282); norming data for these questions had already been generated for thousands of university students from 1970 to 1973 during the course of the Economics Education project. The findings show that OU students score at the same level as first year conventional university students in microeconomics, and score significantly higher than third year CU students in macroeconomics. To check whether the favourable performance of OU students was due to being “test-wise” in multiple choice questions, two essay questions from the 1976 Open University D282 paper were set in a conventional university and a “blind” marking exercise was carried out. The result indicated that OU students performed at least as well as their CU counterparts. Further tests were carried out to check on the effect of students previously having taken OU economics courses and whether OU economics students are representative of all students.     

Outreach and support for Australian university students with learning disabilities

Abstract

Although students with learning disabilities (LD) are increasing in Australian universities (Smith, Carroll, & Elkins, 1999), limited data is available about this group and the services available to them. This paper reports the results of a 1996 survey of university outreach, transition and orientation programs to attract potential students with LD and assist them in adjusting to higher education study. The availability of generic and specialist support services and accommodations was also investigated.

Universities promote awareness of disability support services widely in outreach to prospective students and at application and/or enrolment, although students with LD are seldom specifically targeted. Formal programs to assist students from equity groups or students with disabilities to consider tertiary study are most frequently directed at high school students; only one quarter of the universities had outreach programs which might include adults with LD. Most universities offer a comprehensive range of support to students with LD through both generic and disability services. Approaches to the documentation of diagnostic assessment and the establishment of need for accommodation are however variable, and raise issues of equity which are of concern to disability support staff.     

Racial attitudes of Japanese university students

Three forms of the Situational Attitude Scale (SAS) were administered to 371 Japanese college students in order to measure their attitudes toward blacks, Koreans, and neutral persons without racial reference in ten social and personal situations. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Scheffé post hoc comparisons. The students were found to respond negatively to both blacks and Koreans, but more so toward blacks. Females responded more negatively than males to blacks and Koreans in situations involving potential physical harm. The overall pattern of responses of Japanese subjects on the SAS was similar to that of American or Danish students.     

The writing approaches of university students

University students' beliefs about themselvesas writers and about the experience of learningin writing were investigated as related towriting approaches as measured by the Inventoryof Processes in College Composition (Lavelle 1993). General findings included support forthe deep and surface paradigm as well asvariation in students' conceptions of writing,in their attitudes about themselves as writers,and in their felt need for personal expressionin writing. Implications for instruction andfurther research are included.     

Homophobia and university law enforcement students

There is little research on homophobia among university-level law enforcement students, nor strategies for teaching gay issues. This paper analyzes gay issues as provided in textbooks for law enforcement students, and homophobia among law enforcement students. A content analysis of textbooks reveals little treatment of gay issues or working with the gay community and the lack of attention is disparate with that granted other minorities. Measures of homophobia comparing law enforcement students with other students indicate that law enforcement students hold higher levels of homophobia.     

Assessing the counselling needs of high school students in Kenya

The Student Counselling Needs Scale (SCNS) was administered to 867 participants recruited from high schools in Kenya. The data were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis yielding five factors: human relationships, career development, self development, social values, and learning skills were assessed. The findings highlighted the importance of using assessment instruments to identify students’ counselling needs in Kenya.     

高校家庭经济困难学生认定的问题及策略

家庭经济困难学生的资助是高校辅导员工作内容的重要一部分,国家和地方的资助力度都很大,但是在实际的家庭经济困难学生的认定过程中却存在一些问题,面对这些问题,从辅导员的层面,提出可以在营造良好的诚信认定环境、建立基本稳定而动态的家庭经济困难学生档案数据库、开展民主评议、建立有效的励志评价机制等四个方面采取相应的措施,让资助工作更有序更公正。     

大学生自我的团体干预研究

本研究通过为期两个月、七次的团体心理辅导活动对12名大学生的自我进行干预,并于团体干预结束后三个月对其效果进行评估。结果表明：（1）团体干预有利于大学生自我的完善与成长,自我灵活性、自我刻板性持续性效果、生态度效度较好。（2）团体干预对大学生自尊没有产生显著影响,且对自我与经验的不和谐影响的长期效果不佳。