西汉东海郡长吏升迁考述

《尹湾汉墓简牍》所载《东海郡下辖长吏名籍》完整而具体地反映了西汉东海郡长吏升迁的途径及原因等,是探讨当时地方行政制度中长史升迁问题的珍贵资料。从中我们可以清楚地看到：其一,它体现了汉代官僚制度的流动性和机动性,表明汉代官僚制度已成熟与发达;其二,汉代官僚制度有着一套完整的迁除管理方式而并非察举制一种。     

略论宋代“路州县”三级行政体制

作者认为宋代的地方行政机构设置为路、州、县三级,不同意两级说和“中枢、路、州县”的三级说。路是宋代地方行政的最高级,转运使司、提点刑狱司、提举常平司“三司并立”是路级行政机构的组织形式,具有行政组织性质,不同意“三司长吏都是‘监察官’和‘使臣,的性质”的观点。     

试论民国时期地方行政制度的演革——以县制为例

民国时期地方行政制度的演革是以官治和自治两种基本模式的相互排斥和结合为主轴进行的,经历了北洋政府、南京国民政府前后期三个阶段。北洋政府时期,确立了省、道、县三级制的地方行政制度,开始了中国地方行政制度的现代化历程,但不稳固。南京国民政府前期,建立起了一套从省到邻、闾的严密的地方行政制度,加强对地方的控制;后期推行“新县制”,建立地方自治与国家行政相结合,自治与保甲制度相结合的新县制。但囿于国民政府本身政权性质、经济极度困难,“新县制”最终没有摆脱失败的厄运。     

唐贞观诸道的产生及其使职的作用

唐代的道产生于贞观元年，是唐太宗根据当时社会的实际需要改革武德弊政的创举。唐代的“道”的产生与当时行政区别、监察机能和使职设置的需要有关。从贞观三年（629年）起，唐太宗常派御史台官员巡察地方，八年又发使巡省天下，“六条”制度开始实施并逐步完善。贞观诸道使职的社会作用主要是：（一）肃整吏治，清明政治；（二）保护和促进地方经济的发展；（三）加强中央集权。当然也产生了一定的副作用，如造成冤错、影响生产、影响地方长吏正常职能等。     

党内组织制度的衰落与苏共败亡

在苏共败亡的诸多因素中，党的组织制度的衰败是带有根本性的原因。苏共党的组织制度以高度集权为主要特征，缺乏竞争机制，产生官僚特权阶层，严重损害人民利益，阻碍了观念更新和理论创新。工人阶级执政党必须实行制度创新，建立党代表大会的年会制度，竞争性的选举制度和任期制，有效制衡的监察制度，党代表常任制，中央委员会与地方各级党委会的集体领导制度和民主集中制。     

对校长任期制的思考

从中央政策的支持到地方的具体落实,从2001年到现在,校长任期制已经逐步成为各地校长聘任的主要途径。不可否认,推行校长任期制有它的积极意义。一是有利于学校行政管理的规范。与传统校长那种“家长制”管理模式有所不同,任期制校长大多是交流或者“空降”而来,他们更多地倾向于“法治”,倾向于民主。二是有利于推动学校乃至地区的教育发展。由于任期目标需要完成,任期制校长一般在任期内更能勤政廉政,争先创优。这就像在教育系统中放了几条“鲶鱼”,给周边同类学校形成一定的压力,继而推动教育整体发展。三是有利于深化教育改革。任期制的实行,让校长能上能下成为一种常态。同样,校长任期制的改革也给教育改革树立了好的榜样。最后有利于调动校长的积极性。多种环境下的锻炼,更有利于校长专业成长,有利于调动他们工作的积极性。然而,校长任期制的推广却进展缓慢,原因在于实际情况错综复杂。校长任期制是推进学校教育改革的首要环节,是学校管理从“混乱”走向“规范”的必然途径。     

韦伯官僚制与中国古代官僚制度差异分析

中国古代官僚制度诞生于“封建之废,周衰之日”的战国时代,经过两千多年的发展衍进,形成了自己独特的组织规则和运作体系,甚至对现今中国官僚制度的性格构成具有重要的影响。但是中国传统官僚制度与马克斯·韦伯论述的官僚制存在着根本的区别。对科层官僚制与中国古代官僚制度之间差异的理论性阐释,能够为建设具有中国特色社会主义的行政管理体制提供合理路径和现实选择。     

新公共管理运动与官僚制

随着西方社会由工业化时代向后工业化时代转变 ,传统的与工业社会相适应的官僚制已逐渐显现出它的弊端。在这一背景下 ,产生了以“摒弃官僚制”为口号的新公共管理运动。但是官僚制在当代仍有其存在的价值 ,简单摒弃官僚制也会使我们重新陷入困境。因此 ,新公共管理运动实际上是以市场化运作模式和私营部门的管理方法对官僚制进行修正 ,从而使改造后的官僚制政府更能适应当代经济与社会发展要求。在当代中国 ,既不能简单地以发展官僚制为目标 ,也不能简单地以摒弃官僚制为目标 ;而且 ,当前的行政体制改革不能将目光仅仅停留于组织结构或行政层面 ,而应扩展到政治、社会、经济领域。     

关于建立大学校长任期目标考核体系的思考

今天大学的行政领导基本上实现了任期制,这相对于终身制是一个巨大进步。但任期制需要相应的考核制度来完备它,以决定干部的继续留任或提拔使用或停止使用。这是干部制度中的一项重要制度,如果实行了任期制而没有相应的考核制度相伴随,那么这种制度就会流于形式。     

殖民统治与卢旺达、布隆迪的族群政治化——以瓦赞改革为例

1926—1931年,比利时殖民当局在卢安达-乌隆迪实施一系列改革,主要内容包括调整卢安达-乌隆迪的地方行政结构、重组大小酋长辖区、制定和落实以扩大咖啡种植范围为主的经济规划,史称“瓦赞改革”。“瓦赞改革”旨在把卢安达-乌隆迪本土统治精英纳入现代官僚体系,以提高殖民行政管理效率,实现殖民成本最小化。但是,瓦赞改革也给卢安达-乌隆迪留下了族群政治化与族群对立的后遗症。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.