Parzen窗核密度估计的模式分类隐私保护方法

针对大规模数据集上的模式分类任务,提出了一种基于Parzen窗核密度估计的模式分类隐私保护算法。该算法首先利用Parzen窗算法对原始大规模训练集服从的概率密度进行估计,然后根据估计的概率密度函数构造la个替换训练样本,其中l为原始样本的数目,a通过10折交叉验证方式确定。最后发布替换训练样本进行模式分类,以实现原始数据上的隐私保护。在Adult数据集上的仿真实验充分验证了该算法的有效性。     

SVD-LSSVM and its application in chemical pattern classification

INTRODUCTION Pattern classification is an important problem in the machine learning field and least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) proposed by Suykens is an easy and powerful tool for this problem (Suykens and Vandewalle, 1999a). Only a set of linear equations should be solved during training of an LSSVM, which makes it easy to be realized. LSSVM is based on structural risk minimization (SRM) rule, which en- hances its generalization ability. SRM rule requires that model …     

Children's use of analogy during collaborative reasoning

This microgenetic study examined social influences on children's development of analogical reasoning during peer-led small-group discussions of stories about controversial issues. A total of 277 analogies were identified among 7,215 child turns for speaking during 54 discussions from 18 discussion groups in 6 fourth-grade classrooms (N = 120; age M=10.0, SD=0.6). Use of analogy was found to spread among the children in discussion groups and occur at an accelerating rate, primarily because of the increasing use of novel analogies. Relational analogies with shared surface features triggered purely relational analogies during the next 2 speaking turns, showing a trend of relational shift. These results provide distinctive new evidence for the importance of social interaction in an aspect of cognitive development.     

Children's use of nonegocentric standards in judgments of functional size

Dimensional adjectives are inherently relative in meaning, and so provide a test of children's ability to apply nonegocentric standards. The present research investigates children's ability to apply one kind of relative standard assessing the size of an object with regard to its intended use (a functional interpretation). In 3 experiments, children 3-5 years of age were asked to judge objects as "big" or "little" according to their function (e.g., a hat for a doll; a key for a door). Contrary to previous claims, the ability to use nonegocentric functional standards was present by age 3. However, 3-year-olds performed above chance only when their attention was directed to the relevant function, either by means of action (when actually shown how the objects fit together) or by means of language. In contrast, 4-year-olds performed well without additional action-based or linguistic cues. It is suggested that children have an implicit ordering in their interpretations of big and little, such that functional judgments are lower in priority than 2 other standards: normative (the size of an object is compared to a stored mental standard, e.g., a chihuahua is small for a dog) and perceptual (the size of an object is compared to another physically present object of the same type, e.g., a chihuahua 6 inches tall is big compared to a chihuahua 4 inches tall). Even 3-year-olds can make nonegocentric functional judgments of relative size, but the basis of the judgment must be unambiguous.     

Children's use of frames of reference in communication of spatial location

The frames of reference used by 4-, 6-, and 8-year-old children were studied in a spatial direction-giving task. Children were asked to specify verbally the location of a toy hidden under one of several identical cups. The child and listener sat facing each other at opposite ends of a room that had distinctive or nondistinctive landmarks proximal and distal to the hiding location. Location needed to be specified with respect to either the left-right dimension, the front-back dimension, or both. The results indicated that (1) although children's overall performance improved with age, communication about the left-right dimension was particularly difficult for 4-year-old children and showed a higher rate of improvement with age than communication about the front-back dimension; and (2) the frames of reference that children incorporated into their directions changed with age and differed for directions about the front-back and left-right dimensions. Both 4- and 6-year-old children used person references (themselves or the listener) to specify front-back relations, but only the 6-year-olds were able to compensate for their apparent difficulty in using the terms left and right by using landmarks to specify the left-right dimension. Eight-year-olds used a combination of person and landmark references in directions about both dimensions. Discrepancies between the frames of reference children used to communicate spatial location and those typically used in other spatial cognition tasks are discussed in terms of developmental and task constraints.     

Children's use of response confidence in the processing of instructional feedback

The main purpose of the present study was to extend a model of instructional feedback (Kulhavy & Stock, 1989) to elementary school children. Forty-five third and fifth graders (third graders, N = 21; fifth graders, N = 24) read text passages, answered questions, and either rated response confidences for each question or used an imagery strategy. Although differences were not found between treatment groups, analyses of response patterns revealed differential age effects. Response patterns for fifth graders were similar to those of college populations; however, these patterns did not emerge for third graders.     

基于Matlab仿真的模式分类实验研究

模式识别逐步成为高校本科生和研究生的主干课程,模式分类实验越来越受到重视。以目前广泛的模式分类方法———支持向量机为例,通过Matlab仿真,对模式分类实验方法进行探讨与研究。该实验有助于学生进一步理解模式分类的工作原理,为后续相关内容的学习奠定坚实的基础。人工数据集和标准数据集上的实验表明,支持向量机能较好地完成分类任务。     

Children's use of syntactic and pragmatic knowledge in the interpretation of novel adjectives

In Study 1, English-speaking 3- and 4-year-olds heard a novel adjective used to label one of two objects and were asked for the referent of a different novel adjective. Children were more likely to select the unlabeled object if the two adjectives appeared prenominally (e.g., "a very DAXY dog") than as predicates (e.g., "a dog that is very DAXY"). Study 2 revealed that this response occurred only when both adjectives were prenominal. Study 3 replicated Study 1 with Hebrew-speaking 3- and 4-year-olds, even though in Hebrew both types of adjectives appear postnominally. Preschoolers understand that prenominal adjectives imply a restriction of the reference of nouns, and this knowledge motivates a contrastive pragmatic inference regarding the referents of different prenominal adjectives.     

Children's use of motives and intentionality in person perception and moral judgement.

Preschool, second-, and fifth-grade children watched films and heard stories which portrayed an actor who intentionally or accidentally injured another for either good or bad motives. After each film or story, children were interviewed to determine their understanding of the actor motives and the intentionality of his act and their moral judgements. The results suggest that children of all ages understood the concepts of motive and intentionality, but that the ability to make accurate inferences about motives and intentionality develops with age. Motives affected children's evaluations at all ages, but intentionality affected only grade school children's evaluations. The results for moral judgment were discussed in terms of a theory which included features of both cognitive-developmental and social learning explanations of moral development.     

他们,是“银幕好人”的原型

银幕上的"好人"形象来自哪里?当然来自现实生活中。他们是13亿中国人中的一部分,他们的身世、经历、长相都是平凡的。但正是这些和黄土地一样平常的人,在祖国的某些角落,默默地做着一些看似微小却足以打动人心的事。好人在哪里?好人就在你我的身边。     

数学模型在生物学知识归类中的应用

本文结合高中生物学教学实际,列举了数字、公式、定理、不等式、幂、集合、最值、极限、坐标图、几何图等10种数学模型方法在生物学知识归类中的应用。     

Children's use of a verbal-nonverbal consistency principle to infer truth and lying

Children's use of a verbal-nonverbal consistency principle to infer truth and lying was investigated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, kindergarten (5-year-olds), second- (7-year-olds), and fourth-grade (9-year-olds) children judged the truthfulness of stimulus persons whose verbal communication and nonverbal communication varied in valence (positive, neutral, and negative). In Experiment 2, children from the same 3 grades were presented part of the verbal communications on audiotape and a similar set of general verbal communications. They were asked to predict what facial expression the speaker would show if he or she was telling the truth or lying. The findings yielded by both experiments indicated that the use of the verbal-nonverbal consistency principle increased with age. Use of that principle was demonstrated by fourth grade children who judged that telling the truth, as opposed to lying, was shown by a consistency between the affective valence of the verbal and the nonverbal communications.     

解读福克纳小说中的神话原型

福克纳在其小说中大量借用、改写、再现神话原型和宗教典故，不仅深化了其作品的主题，而且形成其独特的艺术风格。首先，福克纳创造了他自己的“神话王国”——约克纳帕塌法世系；其次，他借用圣经中的神话原型对人物、社会、环境等进行嘲讽，揭示人们的精神世界、人与人的关系以及人和自然的依存关系，极大地增强了其作品的艺术感染力。     

Children's achievement moderates the effects of mothers' use of control and autonomy support

Two studies investigated the effects of parents' control and autonomy support on low- and high-achieving children. In Study 1, mothers' (N=110) involvement with children (7 to 10 years old) in the context of a challenging task was observed. During this interaction, mothers' control predicted diminished engagement and their autonomy support predicted enhanced performance for low-achieving children more than for high-achieving children. In Study 2, mothers' (N=121) responses to children's (9 to 12 years old) failure were assessed with a daily checklist. Children's grades were obtained at this time and 6 months later. Mothers' controlling responses predicted decreased performance and their autonomy-supportive responses predicted increased performance over time for low achievers more than for high achievers.     

Children's use of personality attributions to predict other people's emotional and behavioral reactions

This study examines children's abilities to take other people's personality traits into account when predicting their future emotional and behavioral reactions to events. Kindergarten, second-grade, fourth-grade, and college students listened to a series of stories. Each story described 3 examples of a child's past behavior from which a personality trait could be inferred. Subjects were asked to predict and explain the story character's behavioral or emotional reaction to a new event. Their responses were compared to those of subjects who were not given any information about the protagonist's past behavior, and to those of subjects who received prompts. There was an increase with age in the use of personality attributions to predict and explain future reactions. Subjects were more influenced by the trait information when predicting behavior than when predicting emotion. Understanding emotion may be more difficult in that it requires a conceptualization of personality traits as implying thoughts and feelings, as well as behavioral dispositions.     

运用现代教育技术构建新型课堂教学模式

素质教育的主要渠道是课堂。我们应以”教育过程最优化”理论的指导，运用现代教育技术构建新型的课堂教学模 面推进素质教育，培养面向２１世纪的有创新能力的人才 。