Disputed discovery: vivisection and experiment in the 19th century

In the early 19th century, physiologists Sir Charles Bell and Fran?ois Magendie both claimed to have been the first to identify separate motor and sensory nerve roots, a discovery acknowledged by their contemporaries as one of the most important of the age. This priority dispute came to embody distinct visions of physiology, and of the role of experimentation and vivisection within that discipline. The dispute remained unresolved, in part, because of competing definitions of what was being discovered.     

Parents and children: ideas of heredity in the 19th century

The concept of heredity played a powerful role in structuring 19th-century debates over sickness, morality, class, race, education, social change and evolution. But there was very little agreement as to which qualities were heritable and how new hereditary variants were acquired. In consequence, notions of heredity existed in a wide variety of forms, expressing anything from extreme determinism and a belief in the incorrigibility of individuals, social and racial groups, to unleavened optimism, and a faith in ultimate human perfectibility. This article explores these rich hereditarian discourses to convey an impression of a century that was at least as preoccupied with the concept of biological inheritance as we are today.     

从"苟求其故"到但求"无弊"--17-18世纪中国天文学思想的一条演变轨迹

明清时期,西学第一次传入以后,在"对天体运动规律进行研究"的问题上,中国天文学思想的发展经历了徐光启对"求其故"的强调与实践,揭暄等人对天体运动物理机制的积极探讨,最终又回到阮元等人对"求其故"的否定,从而又回到了西学传入前的起点上.     

如何评价20世纪世界一流科学家的学术成就

前言如何评价中国科学家的学术成就?今年四月,在北京国宏宾馆召开了为期三天的“中国近现代科学技术发展回顾与展望国际研讨会”,在这次会上至少有五人的讲演谈到了目前中国科学家的学风以及对他们的学术评价。郝柏林和饶毅的讲演中途二次都被掌声所打断,这是几十个大会发言者中仅有的几次场面。郝把目前学术界的浮躁情绪、泡沫科学、乃至学术风气归因于急功近利的政策,他抨击一些有前途的科学家不是沉下来做科学,而是浮上去做了官。曹聪和饶毅这二位海外华人学者在对中国科学家的学术状况进行了一番研究后,却得出了一致的结论:中国科学家不大可能在可见的未来获得诺贝尔奖。在讲演中,陈平教授谈到了他亲身经历的中美学术体验,这个有些令人伤感化的体验却更让我们相信为什么中国科学家难以在可见的未来获诺贝尔奖。“在中国,只有业余的少量的时间可以想点真正有意义的问题,但无人可以对话。”陈平说这是他一直想回国,却又没能回国的原因。在他们几人中,似乎只有徐光宪院士给予中国科学家乐观的希望,但在这种较为乐观的评价背后却不难看出其中交织着一种爱国的激情。在这一期的“科学与文化”栏目里,我们把他们中的四人现场讲演的精彩部分提供给读者,希望能够让人们了解到在这一领域里研究的学者们是如何     

The state and technological competition in France or colbertism in the 20th century

As in many western industrialized countries, the French State began to support technological research heavily after 1945. Public funds were mainly invested in high technologies (Nuclear, Aerospace, Computers) but as soon as awareness of technological backwardness of French industry made progress in the sixties, the French government decided to extend its financial support to other industrial sectors. A survey of the policies which have been worked out reveals that the French State has played the role of a bright entrepreneur without a technological and idustrial strategy, which explains why some of these policies are now at a dead end.     

海洋资源开发与管理:21世纪中国应对策略探讨

立足中国海洋资源开发与管理所面临的初始条件,针对性地提出了制定海洋资源开发战略、加强海洋资源开发与管理的应对策略。     

践行十八大精神，推进高校社会主义核心价值观教育

新时期高校应积极践行十八大精神,以马克思主义的世界观、价值观、人生观武装广大师生,努力探索培育社会主义核心价值观建设的新路子,用社会主义核心价值观引领高校建设发展,推进高校社会主义核心价值观教育,努力把大学生培养成为中国特色社会主义事业的合格建设者和可靠接班人。     

18世纪德国第一次大学改革运动述评

18世纪德国大学的第一次大学改革运动使得德国的大学表现出诸多现代大学的特征,在某种程度上引领现代大学的发端。该文通过对18世纪德国第一次大学改革运动的背景、改革过程和改革评析三个方面来分析,进而得出此次的大学改革没有使大学形成一套完整的现代大学理念,只是对现代大学理念的初探,但它为近代德国高等教育的发达做了铺垫,对德国社会发展产生了深远影响。     

20世纪上半叶走向世界的中国科学研究实况

本文运用文献计量方法,通过美国ISI公司的核心期刊论文数据库,检索了中国大陆在世界一流刊物上自1900年至1949年间发表的几乎全部的论文。并从文献量、著者、机构、学科主题、核心期刊、引文等角度进行了归类统计和分析,用定量数据从一个侧面反映了20世纪上半叶中国科学研究的历史实况、研究水平、科研布局等实证信息。     

阅读在高职英语教学中的作用

在英语教学中,阅读是学习中听、说、读、写四大组成部分中很重要的一部分。阅读是一种社会过程、交流过程,也是一种个人独立的活动。不管使用本族语言还是使用其他语言进行阅读,都是我们应用和学习的最重要的手段。     

申办国际学术会议 扩大对外学术交流——申办2010年第十八届国际真空大会获得成功

每三年学会举办一次的《国际真空科技大会》(The International Vacuum Congress)，简称IVC)是“国际真空科技与应用联盟”(IUVSTA)组织的科技水平最高，参加会议人数最多的大型国际学术会议。参加会议的代表和随行亲属人数高达2000人，还包括大型真空技术仪器设备展览会。由于举办IVC科技水平高，参加人数众多，经济、社会效益突出，又能大幅度促进真空科技的发展，展示科技实力，     

Fighting the 'microbe of sporting mania': Australian science and Antarctic exploration in the early 20th century

The 'Heroic Age' of Antarctic exploration, which occurred during the first 15 years of the 20th century, captured headlines around the world. Australia was no exception, especially as Australian scientists played important roles in several expeditions. Through participation in the British Antarctic Expedition of 1907-1909, two Australian scientists - T.W. Edgeworth David (1858-1934) and Douglas Mawson (1882-1958) - became genuine national heroes, mainly through being members of the first party to reach the South Magnetic Pole area. At a superficial level, the vehicle of Antarctic exploration placed science at the forefront of public awareness, fulfilling David's ambition for greater recognition of science and scientists, especially considering the high level of public interest in sport. However, although David and Mawson gave Antarctic exploration a scientific veneer, simply through their status as scientists, the public viewed them as heroes because they had endured great hardships and conquered a point on the map in the name of science and the Empire.     

中国林学会二十世纪上半叶的历史沿革和发展

中国林学会前身是1917年春成立的中华森林会,迄今已有82年的历史了,现拥有81000名会员,分布在全国各地,是我国创建时间最早、拥有学科较全、在国内外影响较大的自然学术团体之一.     

Patenting and US academic research in the 20th century: The world before and after Bayh-Dole

The dramatic growth of patenting and licensing of publicly funded research by American research universities in the closing quarter of the 20th century has stimulated some of the highest-profile debates in science and technology policy today. The issue of what aspects of academic research should be public - and what private - lies at the heart of each of these debates. The movement of academic scientists into commercialisation of discoveries and inventions has been extolled by some as a new model of academic research, one which facilitates economic and social returns from universities. At the same time, this trend has been criticised by others as representing a socially inefficient ‘privatisation’ of academic research and as a threat to the ethos of science itself. This paper places these debates in historical context, with a review of changes in American universities’ patenting policies, procedures and practices throughout the 20th century, an assessment of the logic underlying the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, and an overview of its effects on economic returns from university research.     

试谈21世纪图书馆员的继续教育

论述21世纪图书馆员继续教育的必要性,探讨了图书馆员的现状、继续教育的内容、继续教育的方式等方面的问题。