从般若“空”到涅槃“有”——晋宋佛学转向的社会文化背景考察

在我国晋宋之际,涅槃学替代盛极一时的般若学成为当时思想界的主流。无论是般若学还是涅槃学,这些学说的盛行原因,不能单从某个思想家或某本经论中寻求解答,仍需要由当时的社会、政治、文化传统及思维方式等种种外缘环境来加以解说,才能呈显出更清晰的轮廓。     

‘I’ll take care of the flowers!’ Researching agency through initiatives across different learning environments

ABSTRACT

This case study examined how the agency of a fifth-grade pupil appeared across different learning environments in the primary school context. In this study, agency is defined as the initiatives taken by an individual in interactive situations. The research question is: how does a pupil’s agency manifest and vary through taking initiatives across different learning environments within curriculum-based education? The empirical data consist of 50 video episodes including learning activities in a classroom, in a vegetable garden and on a nearby farm. The findings show that the pupil’s agency varied across learning environments, manifesting itself through complementing, supportive, constructive and challenging initiatives. When developing pedagogy that supports learning across formal and informal learning environments, it is essential to enable pupils to take different kinds of initiatives and to exercise their agency in versatile contexts.     

Understanding social presence in text‐based online learning environments

This article reports on key aspects of a theory generative study into social presence in text‐based online learning environments. The focus of the article is the nature of social presence as experienced by online learners in those environments. Employing a collective case study design, the study accessed online learners’ experience‐based heuristic knowledge through a multi‐phase dialogical process which functioned as an extended interview. Among the key findings was (a) a definition of social presence drawn from learners’ experiences; (b) explication of the nature of social presence in online learning environments; (c) suggestions for the creation and sustenance of social presence in those environments; and (d) support for a relational view of social presence which emphasizes human agency in mediated social processes and foreshadows a role for social presence as a critical element of online learning environments.     

由软驱读写不正常引出的微机故障

本文通过一个微机维修实例,说明了微机CPU参数设置不正确,会引起一些现象与原因貌似分离的故障。对组装兼容机提出了较严格的要求,同时对维修类似故障提出了新思路。     

Preschoolers' Ability to Distinguish Living Kinds as a Function of Regrowth

In order to acquire a theory of biology, children must acquire knowledge about living kinds. Although many studies have shown that preschool children do not accurately classify living kinds and do not use appropriate properties when asked to decide whether something is a living kind, recent work has shown that 3- and 4-year-olds do know something about biological growth. The ability of kinds to heal through regrowth was used in this paper as a measure of children's implicit understanding that plants and animals can be grouped together. In 3 experiments, children were told that animals, plants, and artifacts had been damaged and were asked whether the objects could heal through regorwth and whether a person could mend them. In all studies, children were sensitive to ontological kind, 4-year-olds realized that both plants and animals can regrow but that artifacts must be fixed by human intervention. 3-year-olds were less knowledgeable but did realize that artifacts cannot regrow. Overall, children showed some biological knowledge, implicity grouping plants and animals together and differentiating them from artifacts.     

中国大学生英语语音意识发展及影响因素初探

本文以听辨测试的方式,考察中国英语学习者英语语音意识发展及三种语言经验对其发展的影响。结果表明：（1）四项奇异任务上,各层次语音意识发展均衡;两项计数任务的成绩显著低于奇异任务。( 2) 英语语音意识的总体发展和各层 次语音意识的发展都受到汉语语音意识水平的显著影响;英语水平只对英语语音意识的总体发展和最难的音节计数有显著影响; 方言对英语语音意识的总体发展和各层次语音意 识的发展均无显著影响。（3）三种语言经验相互作用共同影响英语语音意识的发展,即学习者主要套用汉语拼音知识完成各项语音意识任务,英语水平和方言所起的作用则视其汉语语音意识水平而有不同体现。     

Links: A Framework for Object-Oriented Software Engineering

This paper introduces a pedagogical framework that captures our experience in applying a practical and effective approach in teaching a course in object-oriented software engineering. The framework developed as a need to overcome difficulties that we faced in teaching the course and that were mainly due (and typically are in such training contexts) to a gap between the theory introduced in classrooms and the real habitat of the theory, namely work environments and challenges.The framework is documented in terms of three pedagogical patterns: Link, Reuse and Evaluation. Its contribution is in carrying the theme of reuse to pedagogical environments through relying on patterns and in solving the disconnect problem between theory and practice through linking students' projects to real work environments and experiences. Consequently it convinces students of the viability of these concepts, achieves skill building for developing applications and permits students to realize the advantage of reuse as enabled by object orientation. through practicing the concept. The evaluation component proposes a three-dimensional approach for evaluating projects based on iterative developments that support reuse and involve teamwork. Our experience in applying the framework as reported by students and measured by projects completed at the end of the semester has been rewardi ng. We believe that it can be reused in similar training contexts, which justifies using pedagogical patterns to document it.     

Social Equity Theory and Racial‐Ethnic Achievement Gaps

In the United States, racial‐ethnic differences on tests of school readiness and academic achievement continue. A complete understanding of the origins of racial‐ethnic achievement gaps is still lacking. This article describes social equity theory (SET), which proposes that racial‐ethnic achievement gaps originate from two kinds of social process, direct and signal influences, that these two kinds of processes operate across developmental contexts, and that the kind of influence and the setting in which they are enacted change with age. Evidence supporting each of SET's key propositions is discussed in the context of a critical review of research on the Black–White achievement gap. Specific developmental hypotheses derived from SET are described, along with proposed standards of evidence for testing those hypotheses.     

Activity theory as a framework for designing constructivist learning environments

The epistemic assumptions of constructive learning are different from those of traditional instruction, so classical methods of needs and task analysis are inappropriate for designing constructivist learning environments (CLEs). This paper argues that activity theory provides an appropriate framework for analyzing needs, tasks, and outcomes for designing CLEs. Activity theory is a socio-cultural, socio-historical lens through which designers can analyze human activity systems. It focuses on the interaction of human activity and consciousness within its relevant environmental context. Since conscious learning emerges from activity (performance), not as a precursor to it, CLEs should attempt to replicate the activity structures, tools and sign systems, socio-cultural rules, and community expectations that performers must accommodate while acting on some object of learning. After explicating assumptions of activity theory and briefly describing the components of CLEs, this paper describes a process for using activity theory as a framework for describing the components of an activity system that can be modeled in CLEs.His current research focuses on designing constructivist learning environments, cognitive tools for learning, knowledge representation methods, problem solving, computer-supported collaborative argumentation, cognitive task analysis, and individual differences and learning.His current research focuses on designing constructivist learning environments, cognitive tools for learning, knowledge representation methods, problem solving, computer-supported collaborative argumentation, cognitive task analysis, and individual differences and learning.Her research interests include activity theory and structural knowledge.     

论STS的两种研究传统

美国的STS和英国的SSK是STS的两种研究传统。美国的STS突破了过去研究科学技术较少联系社会的状况,从关注现实问题出发而展开的探索活动。英国的STS（主要是SSK）发展出了一种把科学技术置于社会情景中的生动分析,形成了研究科学技术的新的理论视野——建构主义视野。文章从两种研究传统的不同的社会背景、学术条件、理论内容和价值与趋势四方面对两种研究传统进行了比较和论述,以对这两种研究传统有一个清晰的认识。     

何为“社会学理论”与“社会学理论”为何——兼论中国社会学理论研究的现状及反思

"社会学理论"的形成是社会学学科独立的基本标志.作为社会学学科体系重要构成部分的"社会学理论",其不仅区别于日常的经验知识和其他社会科学理论,而且在学科地位、形式、内容、功能、来源、性质上都具有自身的一些特征.无论是何种取向的社会学理论建构,社会学研究都需要一种理论自觉和自我反思的品质,而这种品质在一定程度上是建立在社会学实践的基础上的.中国社会学理论研究在现阶段还面临着许多特殊的困难,这些困难在某种程度上更加要求我们不断增强理论的自觉性和反思性,以弥补中国社会学理论研究与经验研究严重失衡的局面.     

Creating the Global Graduate: A Cross‐Cultural Videoconferencing Case Study

Business people in multinational environments must deal with a variety of situational barriers and cultural differences, such as time zones, languages, and common practice differences. Learning to accommodate these barriers and differences effectively often takes years of practice. Students who experience some of these barriers and become aware of some of the cultural differences while still in school have the advantage of beginning their practice early. Classroom to classroom videoconferencing (VC) provides an excellent discovery, or active, learning opportunity for business students to interact with, and learn more about, other's cultural similarities and differences. This article presents a case study that describes the videoconferencing interactions experienced by Japanese and U.S. undergraduate business students conducted in three successive years with three different sets of students on each side. In each year, students report learning a great deal about each other's cultures through the discovery learning process; at the same time, faculty learned that some types of discussion vehicles work better than others. Implications for how best to provide a cross‐cultural experience via videoconferencing for students who will soon be in the international workforce are discussed.     

‘There’s stuff that comes with being an unexpected guest’: experiences of trans* academics with microaggressions

Historically, minority stress theory focused on the experiences of ‘sexual minorities;’ this study extends minority stress theory to understand the unique stressors that trans* individuals face in academic workplaces. Using interview data from 10 trans* college and university faculty, I fill a noted gap in the literature and examined the unique stressors that these faculty faced within the academy. In this study, microaggressions, a kind of minoritized stress, included: (mis)recognition, including misgendering and mispronouning, being an impossible person, and tokenization. Additionally, trans* faculty reported strategies to resist these stressors. These findings suggest that trans* academics navigate hostile academic work environments and experience minoritized stress deriving from their minoritized gender identities. Implications for research indicate that addressing the personal and professional consequences of minoritized stressors is an important step in understanding how microaggressions affect trans* academics. Implications for practice include the need for rethinking cisnormative assumptions within academe.     

生活体验研究：含义、原理与主要环节——范梅南的教育学研究方法论在教师教育意义上的解读

“生活体验研究”是范梅南提出的一种教育学研究方法。它不同于科学理性的方法论，是以人为中心的解释性模式。是解释现象学的教育学研究方法。它通过“悬置”、体验、描述(现象学反思)、阐释(文本写作)来展开教育学研究，“生活体验研究”是具有教师教育功能的一种教育研究方法。     

The ecology of interactive learning environments: situating traditional theory

In educational discourse on human learning (i.e. the result of experience) and development (i.e. the result of maturation), there are three fundamental theoretical frameworks, – behaviourism, cognitivism and constructivism, each of which have been applied, with varying degrees of success, in online environments. An ecological framework of human learning and development in interactive learning environments is proposed. Such an inclusive paradigm organizes the fundamental theoretical assumptions of behaviourism (i.e. automated learning), cognitivism (i.e. recall, understanding, analysis, synthesis, evaluation, creativity, problem solving) and constructivism (i.e. private and shared meaning). Based on review of the literature, behaviourism is best conceptualized as a learning theory; constructivist theoretical assumptions are best applied to cognitive development including private online experience (cognitive constructivism) and shared online experience (social constructivism). Cognitivism is a particularly relevant theoretical orientation in understanding both human learning and development in interactive learning environments.     

现代散文托物言志方法浅探

“托物言志”是中国历代诗文创作中常用的一种艺术手法,现代散文中对这一手法的运用,根据对作者、物、志之间关系的不同处理,可辨为三个不同的方法：运用联想,由物引志;巧借形象,志隐物中;构筑意境,物态要融。这三种方法,物与志的关系经历了一个由实到虚的过程,带给读者不同的艺术享受。     

Assumptions about Word Meaning: Individuation and Basic-Level Kinds

In 2 experiments, 3 1/2-year-old children interpreted a novel count noun (e.g., "This is a murvil") applied to an unfamiliar stuffed animal as referring to a basic-level kind, rather than to a kind that individuates its members by type of situation (context or life-phase). For example, children made interpretations akin to PERSON (a basic-level kind) rather than PASSENGER (a context-restricted kind), and DOG (a basic-level kind) rather than PUPPY (a life-phase-restricted kind). These experiments also document the role of object familiarity (previous knowledge of a basic-level count noun for the animal) and explicit information (about the relevance of the animal's situation) in the learning of count nouns for situation-restricted kinds. We note that children readily learn the meanings of basic-level count nouns through ostensive definitions (e.g., "This is an X"), although ostensive definitions do not distinguish basic-level kinds from situation-restricted kinds. Therefore, we suggest that children make an implicit assumption that a count noun applied to an unfamiliar solid object refers to a basic-level kind of object, and not to a kind that individuates its members by type of situation. We illustrate the importance of this assumption by showing how it bears directly on individuation, and therefore, on quantification (e.g., counting).     

邓小平与毛泽东廉政思想异同点的成因

邓小平与毛泽东的廉政建设思想既有诸多共同点,又有一些不同点.形成这些异同点的主要原因是:(1)他们有共同的政治信仰、政治追求和理论性格;(2)作为两代中央领导集体的核心,他们面临的主要任务和环境不同,因此构建理论体系的中心也不相同;(3)毛泽东在廉政建设问题上的成功和失误,为邓小平探索廉政建设的新出路提供了历史借鉴;(4)他们对国内主要矛盾的认识不同,制定的政治路线不同,因而廉政建设所要围绕的中心也不同;(5)他们对社会主义社会发展动力的认识不同,因而采取廉政建设的主要措施也不同;(6)思维方法上的某些差异,使得他们的廉政建设思想的发展归宿不同.     

教育政策模型的比较研究--政策主体和政策环境的视角

本文从政策系统要素出发,选取政策主体和政策环境两个视角,对国外具有代表性的几种教育政策模型进行了分类,探讨了政策主体视角的政策目标特征和政策主体所具备的条件,政策环境视角的教育政策输出和教育政策过程.