运动营养补剂对机体乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶的影响研究

通过查阅大量文献资料,阐述了运动营养补剂的研究情况,综述了运动营养补剂时机体乳酸脱氢酶和肌酸激酶的影响,以期为运动营养补剂的运用及新的研究方向提供理论参考依据。     

Muscle damage and soreness following a 50-km cross-country ski race

Abstract

In this study, we examined indirect markers of muscle damage and muscle soreness following a 50-km cross-country ski race completed in 2 h and 57 min to 5 h and 9 min by 11 moderately trained male university students. Maximal strength of the knee extensors, several blood markers of muscle damage and inflammation, and muscle soreness (visual analog scale: 0 = “no pain”, 50 mm = “unbearably painful”) were measured one day before, immediately after, and 24, 48, 72, and 144 h after the race. Changes in the measures over time were analysed using one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and a Fisher's post-hoc test. Maximal strength of the knee extensors decreased significantly (P<0.05) immediately after the race (mean ?27%, s=6), but returned to pre-exercise values within 24 h of the race. All blood markers increased significantly (P<0.05) following the race, peaking either immediately (lactate dehydrogenase: 253.7 IU · l^?1, s=13.3; myoglobin: 476.4 ng · ml^?1, s=85.5) or 24 h after the race (creatine kinase: 848.0 IU · l^?1, s=151.9; glumatic oxaloacetic transaminase: 44.3 IU · l^?1, s=4.2; aldolase: 10.0 IU · l^?1, s=1.3; C-reactive protein: 0.36 IU · l^?1, s=0.08). Muscle soreness developed in the leg, arm, shoulder, back, and abdomen muscles immediately after the race (10–30 mm), but decreased after 24 h (<15 mm), and disappeared 48 h after the race. These results suggest that muscle damage induced by a 50-km cross-country ski race is mild and recovery from the race does not take long.     

Protection against muscle damage in competitive sports players: the effect of the immunomodulator AM3

Strenuous physical exercise of the limb muscles commonly results in damage, especially when that exercise is intense, prolonged and includes eccentric contractions. Many factors contribute to exercise-induced muscle injury and the mechanism is likely to differ with the type of exercise. Competitive sports players are highly susceptible to this type of injury. AM3 is an orally administered immunomodulator that reduces the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and normalizes defective cellular immune fractions. The ability of AM3 to prevent chronic muscle injury following strenuous exercise characterized by eccentric muscle contraction was evaluated in a double-blind and randomized pilot study. Fourteen professional male volleyball players from the First Division of the Spanish Volleyball League volunteered to take part. The participants were randomized to receive either placebo (n?=?7) or AM3 (n?=?7). The physical characteristics (mean±s) of the placebo group were as follows: age 25.7±2.1 years, body mass 87.2±4.1?kg, height 1.89±0.07?m, maximal oxygen uptake 65.3±4.2?ml?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1. Those of the AM3 group were as follows: age 26.1±1.9 years, body mass 85.8±6.1?kg, height 1.91±0.07?m, maximal oxygen uptake 64.6±4.5?ml?·?kg^?1?·?min^?1. All participants were evaluated for biochemical indices of muscle damage, including concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase (CK) and its MB fraction (CK-MB), myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, urea, creatinine and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, both before and 30 days after treatment (over the peak of the competitive season). In the placebo group, competitive exercise (i.e. volleyball) was accompanied by significant increases in creatine kinase (494±51 to 560±53?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05) and myoglobin (76.8±2.9 to 83.9±3.1?μg?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05); aspartate aminotransferase (30.8±3.0 to 31.1±2.9?IU?·?l^?1) and lactate dehydrogenase (380±31 to 376±29?IU?·?l^?1) were relatively unchanged after the 30 days maximum effort. AM3 not only inhibited these changes, it led to a decrease from baseline serum concentrations of creatine kinase (503±49 to 316±37?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05) and myoglobin (80.1±3.2 to 44.1±2.6?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05), as well as aspartate aminotransferase (31.1±3.3 to 26.1±2.7?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05) and lactate dehydrogenase (368±34 to 310±3?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05). The concentration of CK-MB was also significantly decreased from baseline with AM3 treatment (11.6±1.2 to 5.0±0.7?IU?·?l^?1, P?<?0.05), but not with placebo (11.4±1.1 to 10.8±1.4?IU?·?l^?1). In conclusion, the use of immunomodulators, such as AM3, by elite sportspersons during competition significantly reduces serum concentrations of proteins associated with muscle damage.     

运动性骨骼肌损伤标志的研究进展

尽管血浆肌酸激酶(CK)，肌红蛋白(Mb)和肌球蛋白重链(MHC)已经被广泛地用来评价运动性骨骼肌损伤，但是近来的研究显示所有这些指标都有其局限性。而与血浆CK，Mb和MHC形成对照，血浆骨骼肌肌钙蛋白抑制亚基(sTnI)可能是反映运动性骨骼肌损伤的一种特异性的早期敏感标志。     

有氧运动锻炼对LD含量和LDH、ALP、ACP、CK活性影响的研究

为了探讨有氧运动锻炼对人体在不同功能状态下血 L D(乳酸 )代谢和 L DH(乳酸脱氢酶 )、AL P(碱性磷酸酶 )、ACP(酸性磷酸酶 )、CK(肌酸激酶 )活性的影响 ,将 4 2名中学生随机分为一般锻炼组、强化锻炼组和对照组。对两运动组分别实施不同的有氧运动处方后 ,与对照组相比 ,结果发现 :安静状态时 ,血清中 L D含量明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,L DH活性极显著升高 (P<0 .0 0 1) ,ACP、CK活性呈升高趋势 ,AL P活性呈下降趋势 ,但均无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;定量负荷和极量负荷运动后 ,L D含量无变化、L DH活性仍显著升高 ,ACP、AL P、CK活性的变化趋势基本与安静状态时相同 ,只是强化锻炼组 AL P活性在极量负荷时显著低于对照组水平。这说明 ,短期有氧运动锻炼能够有效地降低人体在安静状态时血乳酸的生成和促进在不同功能状态下 L DH活性的提高 ,但对 ACP、AL P、CK的作用不够明显     

高压氧对力竭性运动后血清磷酸肌酸激酶和肌红蛋白恢复的影响

20名体育系男大学生在自行车功率计上以逐渐递增负荷的方式踏车运动至力竭;然后随机分成高压氧组和对照组,分别在高压氧和自然状态下恢复约120min。在运动前,运动后和恢复期后测定血清磷酸肌酸激酶活力的肌红蛋白的含量。实验结果:力竭性运动后,高压氧组和对照组血清肌酸激酶及同工酶MB和肌红蛋白均显著升高。高压氧组血清CK、CK-MB活性和肌红蛋白水平恢复期与运动后比较均显著下降,对照组虽有下降,但无显著性差异。提示:高压氧可以促进运动后血清CK、CK-MB和Mb的恢复,有利于运动疲劳的恢复。     

The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running

Protease supplementation has been shown to attenuate soft tissue injury resulting from intense exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of protease supplementation on muscle soreness and contractile performance after downhill running. Ten matched pairs of male participants ran at a ?10% grade for 30?min at 80% of their predicted maximal heart rate. The participants consumed two protease tablets (325?mg pancreatic enzymes, 75?mg trypsin, 50?mg papain, 50?mg bromelain, 10?mg amylase, 10?mg lipase, 10?mg lysozyme, 2?mg chymotrypisn) or a placebo four times a day beginning 1 day before exercise and lasting a total of 4 days. The participants were evaluated for perceived muscle soreness of the front and back of the dominant leg, pressure pain threshold by dolorimetry of the anterior medial, anterior lateral, posterior medial and posterior lateral quadrants of the thigh, and knee extension/flexion torque and power. The experimental group demonstrated superior recovery of contractile function and diminished effects of delayed-onset muscle soreness after downhill running when compared with the placebo group. Our results indicate that protease supplementation may attenuate muscle soreness after downhill running. Protease supplementation may also facilitate muscle healing and allow for faster restoration of contractile function after intense exercise.     

The effects of protease supplementation on skeletal muscle function and DOMS following downhill running

Protease supplementation has been shown to attenuate soft tissue injury resulting from intense exercise. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of protease supplementation on muscle soreness and contractile performance after downhill running. Ten matched pairs of male participants ran at a -10% grade for 30 min at 80% of their predicted maximal heart rate. The participants consumed two protease tablets (325 mg pancreatic enzymes, 75 mg trypsin, 50 mg papain, 50 mg bromelain, 10 mg amylase, 10 mg lipase, 10 mg lysozyme, 2 mg chymotrypisn) or a placebo four times a day beginning 1 day before exercise and lasting a total of 4 days. The participants were evaluated for perceived muscle soreness of the front and back of the dominant leg, pressure pain threshold by dolorimetry of the anterior medial, anterior lateral, posterior medial and posterior lateral quadrants of the thigh, and knee extension/flexion torque and power. The experimental group demonstrated superior recovery of contractile function and diminished effects of delayed-onset muscle soreness after downhill running when compared with the placebo group. Our results indicate that protease supplementation may attenuate muscle soreness after downhill running. Protease supplementation may also facilitate muscle healing and allow for faster restoration of contractile function after intense exercise.     

大鼠游泳训练及其力竭后血总睾酮、肌酸激酶及RBC ATP酶活力的改变——用于其机能状态评价的回归模型构建

检测6周递增时间游泳耐力训练及其力竭大鼠血清总睾酮(T)含量、肌酸激酶(CK)活力及红细胞ATP酶(RBC ATPase)活力。结果发现,耐力游泳训练和/或力竭后这些指标产生明显变化,并与大鼠所处的机能状态密切相关。对其进行回归分析后可得到有显著统计学意义的回归方程。建议在运动员训练和机能监控中采用类似的方法构建回归模型用于机能状态监测和指标预测。     

The effects of repeated maximal voluntary isokinetic eccentric exercise on recovery from muscle damage

This study investigated whether performing repeated bouts of maximal voluntary isokinetic eccentric exercise (MAX1) on 3 (MAX3) and 6 days (MAX6) after the initial bout would produce significant changes in the indirect markers of muscle damage and total work. A secondary purpose was to determine whether participants' psychological maximal effort was equivalent to the physiological maximal effort during muscle soreness. Male university students were assigned randomly to a control group (n = 12) and a group that repeated the exercise (EX; n = 12). The MAX1 was 3 x 10 repetitions of the nondominant elbow flexors on the Cybex 6000 system at a speed of 60 deg/s. The EX group performed the same exercise 3 days and 6 days after MAX1. The range of motion and maximal isometric force (MIF), muscle soreness index, plasma creatine kinase, and glutamic-oxaloacetate transaminase activities were measured before and every 24 hr for 9 days after MAX1 for both groups. MIF was also assessed once before and immediately after each MAX for the EX group. There were no significant changes (p > .05) between the groups for all criterion measures, except for total amount of work (p < .05). It is concluded that strenuous voluntary isokinetic eccentric exercise performed with damaged muscles does not appear to exacerbate damage or influence the recovery process. Although individuals could perform repeated MAXs, the total work performed was significantly reduced. This has practical implications in strength training for coaches and athletes during muscle damage.     

Effects of roller massager on muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage

Two experiments (n = 10) were conducted to determine the effects of roller massager (RM) on ankle plantar flexor muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Experiment 1 examined both functional [i.e., ankle plantar flexion maximal isometric contraction and submaximal (30%) sustained force; ankle dorsiflexion maximal range of motion and resistance to stretch; and medial gastrocnemius pain pressure threshold] and morphological [cross-sectional area, thickness, fascicle length, and fascicle angle] variables, before and immediately, 1, 24, 48, and 72 h after an EIMD stimulus. Experiment 2 examined medial gastrocnemius deoxyhaemoglobin concentration kinetics before and 48 h after EIMD. Participants performed both experiments twice: with (RM) and without (no-roller massager; NRM) the application of a RM (6 × 45 s; 20-s rest between sets). RM intervention did not alter the functional impairment after EIMD, as well as the medial gastrocnemius morphology and oxygenation kinetics (P > 0.05). Although, an acute increase of ipsilateral (RM = + 19%, NRM = ?5%, P = 0.032) and a strong tendency for contralateral (P = 0.095) medial gastrocnemius pain pressure threshold were observed. The present results suggest that a RM has no effect on plantar flexors performance, morphology, and oxygenation recovery after EIMD, except for muscle pain pressure threshold (i.e., a soreness).     

Systematic review of the acute and chronic effects of high-intensity interval training on executive function across the lifespan

ABSTRACT

Research regarding the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on executive function has grown exponentially in recent years. However, there has been no comprehensive review of the current state of literature. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review is to summarize previous research regarding the acute and chronic effects of HIIT on executive function across the lifespan and highlight future research directions. The results indicated that acute bouts of HIIT has a positive effect on inhibition in children/adolescents and adults, and further that chronic HIIT benefits inhibition and working memory in children. More research employing chronic interventions, focusing on middle-aged and older adults, and examining the effects on the working memory and cognitive flexibility domains of executive function are needed. Future research should also focus on a) the use of stronger research designs, b) the effects of HIIT dosage/modality, c) consideration of individual differences, d) possible underlying mechanisms, and e) examining the feasibility of translating HIIT to real-word settings.     

篮球运动员补充糖和(或)肌酸对其定量负荷后血清CK、BUN值变化的影响

按正交表L4 (2 3 )进行实验设计,进行关于糖、肌酸补充对篮球运动员血尿素氮、血清肌酸激酶活性影响的效果观察实验。结果表明,单独补充糖或肌酸、同时补充糖和肌酸均可使运动员赛后的即刻血清肌酸激酶活性、血尿素氮显著下降,而且,糖和肌酸同时补充效果好。提示,同时补充糖和肌酸有利于篮球运动员提高赛场竞技能力。     

Adverse effects of energy restriction on myogenic enzymes in judoists

In this study, we examined the effects of weight reduction by restricting energy intake on muscle function and serum concentrations of myogenic enzymes in judoists. Twenty-seven male judoists aged 19.3±0.6 years (mean±s) were divided into three groups based on the extent of body weight reduction: high weight reduction (height 1.70±0.05?m, body mass 78.5 ±13.6?kg), low weight reduction (height 1.70±0.05?m, body mass 80.7±13.1?kg) and a group that maintained body weight while continuing to perform exercise training (height 1.78± 0.07?m, body mass 78.7±8.8?kg). Body composition, blood biochemistry, energy intake and anaerobic power were assessed on four occasions: 20 days (baseline data), 4 days and 1 day before and 7 days after competition. Compared with baseline, body mass and fat-free mass were significantly lower 1 day before competition in the high and low weight reduction groups (both P?<0.01); these changes persisted for 7 days after competition in the high weight reduction group. Serum creatine kinase was significantly elevated 1 day before competition in all groups (all P?<0.05), and remained higher 7 days after competition in both the high and low weight reduction groups. Compared with baseline, maximal anaerobic power was significantly lower 1 day before competition only in the high weight reduction group (P?<0.01). Our results suggest that energy restriction in addition to intense exercise training before major competition has an adverse effect on anaerobic power and elevates serum creatine kinase concentration, leading to an impairment of muscular function and an increased susceptibility of muscle tissue to injury.     

对高水平散手运动员赛前训练部分生化指标的监测分析

通过文献资料法、实验法、数理统计法和系统方法,对湖北省参加2004年全国散打锦标赛的高水平运动员在赛前训练的部分生化指标进行了监测。结论表明:通过对赛前血色素、血尿素、血清肌酸激酶变化的观察,其能反映高水平运动员对赛前运动负荷的适应情况以及身体机能的状况。安静时血乳酸值对周训练后运动员机能水平变化的反映不灵敏,运动后血乳酸值可反映赛前训练对抗强度及运动员的无氧能力。     

Acute effects of a cluster-set protocol on hormonal,metabolic and performance measures in resistance-trained males

Abstract

Limited research exists on rest-pause or cluster-set (CS) protocols. Acute effects of a traditional set (TS) and CS protocols of resistance exercise on serum growth hormone (GH), cortisol (C), blood lactate (BL), countermovement vertical jump (CMVJ) and standing long jump (SLJ) were compared. Eleven resistance-trained males (22.9±2.6 year; 176.9±10.6 cm; 78.5±1.6 kg; 12.9±3.1% BF) completed one repetition maximum tests for clean pull (CP), back squat (BS) and bench press (BP). Subjects were then randomly assigned to TS or CS protocols for sessions 2 and 3, and performed CP and BS lifts followed by two circuits of three sets of three exercises. GH, C, BL, CMVJ and SLJ were measured pre-exercise (Pre), mid-exercise following completion of CS or TS protocol (Mid), immediately (IP), 15 (15P) and 30 (30P) minutes post-exercise. Repeated measures ANOVAs examined differences in GH, C, BL, CMVJ and SLJ. No differences (p>0.05) existed between protocols for GH and C. GH levels 15P were elevated (p<0.05) above 30P (15.78 + 4.66 vs. 12.10 + 4.66 µg^.L^?1). C levels 30P were elevated (p<0.05) above Pre (716.85 + 102.56 vs. 524.79 + 75.79 nmol^.L^?1). Interaction (p <0.05) existed between protocol and time for BL; mid-BL was lower for CS than TS (7.69±3.73 vs. 12.78±1.90 mmol^.L^?1). Pooled data for CMVJ and SLJ were greater (p <0.05) across the CS protocol. The less metabolically taxing CS protocol resulted in better sustainability of jump measures.     

Influence of vitamin D mushroom powder supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage in vitamin D insufficient high school athletes

Abstract

Incidence of vitamin D deficiency is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine if supplementation with vitamin D₂ from Portobello mushroom powder would enhance skeletal muscle function and attenuate exercise-induced muscle damage in low vitamin D status high school athletes. Participants were randomised to Portobello mushroom powder (600 IU/d vitamin D₂) or placebo for 6 weeks. Participants then completed a 1.5-h exercise session designed to induce skeletal muscle damage. Blood samples and measures of skeletal muscle function were taken pre-supplementation, post-supplementation/pre-exercise and post-exercise. Six weeks supplementation with vitamin D₂ increased serum 25(OH)D₂ by 9.9-fold and decreased serum 25(OH)D₃ by 28%. Changes in skeletal muscle function and circulating markers of skeletal muscle damage did not differ between groups. In conclusion, 600 IU/d vitamin D₂ increased 25(OH)D₂ with a concomitant decrease in 25(OD)D₃, with no effect on muscular function or exercise-induced muscle damage in high school athletes.     

The effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage on running kinematics at different speeds

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of knee localised muscle damage on running kinematics at varying speeds. Nineteen young women (23.2 ± 2.8 years; 164 ± 8 cm; 53.6 ± 5.4 kg), performed a maximal eccentric muscle damage protocol (5 × 15) of the knee extensors and flexors of both legs at 60 rad · s^-1. Lower body kinematics was assessed during level running on a treadmill at three speeds pre- and 48 h after. Evaluated muscle damage indices included isometric torque, muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity. The results revealed that all indices changed significantly after exercise, indicating muscle injury. Step length decreased and stride frequency significantly increased 48 h post-exercise only at the fastest running speed (3 m · s^-1). Support time and knee flexion at toe-off increased only at the preferred transition speed and 2.5 m · s^-1. Knee flexion at foot contact, pelvic tilt and obliquity significantly increased, whereas hip extension during stance-phase, knee flexion during swing-phase, as well as knee and ankle joints range of motion significantly decreased 48 h post-exercise at all speeds. In conclusion, the effects of eccentric exercise of both knee extensors and flexors on particular tempo-spatial parameters and knee kinematics of running are speed-dependent. However, several pelvic and lower joint kinematics present similar behaviour at the three running speeds examined. These findings provide new insights into how running kinematics at different speeds are adapted to compensate for the impaired function of the knee musculature following muscle damage.     

高氧恢复对低氧训练大鼠骨骼肌SDH和MDH活性的影响

探讨在进行低氧训练后,吸高浓度氧对大鼠骨骼肌琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)活性的影响.将雄性SD大鼠38只随机分为常氧运动组(A)、低氧运动组(B)、常氧运动高氧恢复组(C)、低氧运动高氧恢复组(D),分别进行常氧训练、低氧训练和高氧恢复.4周后测试大鼠骨骼肌SDH和MDH的活性.结果发现,经过4周的实验.高氧恢复干预组大鼠的SDH、MDH活性要比单纯运动或低氧运动组大鼠的活性高,且常氧运动高氧恢复组SDH、MDH活性均显著高于对应的常氧运动组;低氧运动高氧恢复组MDH活性显著高于低氧运动组;而低氧运动组SDH、MDH的活性要高于对应的常氧运动组,且低氧运动组MDH活性显著高于常氧运动组.结果表明,4周低氧训练比常氧训练在提高大鼠股四头肌SDH和MDH活性方面有一定优越性,而在低氧训练和常氧训练后进行高浓度氧恢复则更能显著地提高大鼠股四头肌SDH和MDH的活性.     

The isolated and combined effects of selected physical activity and ibuprofen on delayed-onset muscle soreness

Delayed-onset muscle soreness refers to the skeletal muscle pain that is experienced following eccentric exercise. The aim of the present study was to examine the physiological effects of physical activity with or without ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness. Forty-four non-athletic male volunteers (age 24.3?±?2.4 years) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: physical activity (n = 11), ibuprofen (n = 11), physical activity and ibuprofen (combination, n = 11), or control (n = 11). The physical activity programme comprised 5?min of walking and jogging, 10?min of static stretching of the hands and shoulder girdle, and 5?min of concentric movements with sub-maximal contractions. The total amount of ibuprofen consumed by a single individual was 2800?mg; this was taken from 1?h before the eccentric actions up to 48?h after it. Delayed onset muscle soreness was induced by performing 70 eccentric contractions of the biceps muscle of the non-dominant side on a modified arm curl machine. Perceived muscle soreness, maximal eccentric contraction, creatine kinase enzyme activity and elbow range of motion were assessed 1?h before and 1, 24 and 48?h after the eccentric actions. The results indicated that, after the eccentric actions, soreness increased (P?<?0.001) across time in all groups, with the highest values being recorded at 24?h. At 24 and 48?h, greater soreness (P <?0.001) was observed in the control group than in the physical activity and combination groups. After the eccentric actions, creatine kinase increased and was elevated (P?<?0.001) compared with baseline in all groups, with values returning to baseline in the physical activity and combination groups by 48?h. However, creatine kinase in the control and ibuprofen groups was still significantly higher than at baseline after 48?h. Creatine kinase was higher (P?<?0.001) in the control group than in physical activity and combination groups at 24 and 48?h. There was also a reduction (P?<?0.001) in elbow range of motion across time. This reduction in elbow range of motion was greater (P?<?0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity and combination groups at 1, 24 and 48?h. The reduction in maximum eccentric contraction was greater (P?<?0.001) in the control and ibuprofen groups than in the physical activity group at 24 and 48?h and the combination group at 48?h. In conclusion, the results add to our understanding of the effects of physical activity and the combination of physical activity and ibuprofen in reducing the severity of muscle soreness induced by eccentric exercise. Physical activity conducted before eccentric exercise alleviates muscle soreness. Our results indicate that physical activity with or without ibuprofen helps to prevent delayed-onset muscle soreness.